User talk:49.227.116.232
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More information Consonants, Hard ...
Consonants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hard | Soft | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
b | bokⓘ; apdjējt[1] | boot | bʲ | Bjēlyjⓘ | beautiful | |
d | dat'ⓘ; futbōlⓘ[1] | do | dʲ | djēloⓘ; [hod'bā] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help): text has malformed markup (help)ⓘ; [zhenīt'ba] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help): text has malformed markup (help)ⓘ[1] | dew (UK) | |
f | фо́рмаⓘ; вы́ставкаⓘ;[1] бо́ровⓘ[2] | fool | fʲ | фина́лⓘ; верфьⓘ; кровьⓘ[2] | few | |
ɡ | годⓘ[3][4]; анекдо́тⓘ[1] | goo | ɡʲ | геро́йⓘ | argue | |
— | j | естьⓘ [je-]; ёжⓘ [jɵ-]; югⓘ [ju-]; яⓘ [ja]; майо́рⓘ[5] | yes | |||
k | костьⓘ; бе́гствоⓘ[1]; флагⓘ[2] | scar | kʲ | кино́ⓘ; секью́рити | skew | |
l | луна́ⓘ[6] | pill | lʲ | лесⓘ; больⓘ | lean | |
m | мы́лоⓘ | moot | mʲ | мя́соⓘ; семьⓘ | mute | |
n | носⓘ | noon | nʲ | нёсⓘ; деньⓘ; ко́нчикⓘ[7] | newt (for some dialects) | |
p | подⓘ; ры́бкаⓘ[1]; зубⓘ[2] | span | pʲ | пе́пелⓘ; цепьⓘ; зыбьⓘ[2] | spew | |
ɾ | разⓘ | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | ɾʲ | рядⓘ; зверьⓘ | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
s | соба́каⓘ; ска́зкаⓘ[1]; глазⓘ[2] | soup | sʲ | си́нийⓘ; здесьⓘ; естьⓘ; грызтьⓘ[1] | assume (for some dialects) | |
ʂ | широ́кийⓘ; кни́жкаⓘ[1]; мужⓘ[2]; чтоⓘ[8] | rush | ɕː | щека́ⓘ; счита́тьⓘ; мужчи́наⓘ[9][10] | wish sheep | |
t | тоⓘ; во́дкаⓘ;[1] лёдⓘ[2] | stand | tʲ | теньⓘ; дитя́ⓘ; путьⓘ; грудьⓘ[2] | stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
ts[11] | цена́ⓘ; нра́витьсяⓘ[10] | cats | tɕ[11] | чайⓘ; течьⓘ[10] | chip | |
v | выⓘ; его́[4]; афга́н[1] | voodoo | vʲ | весьⓘ; вью́гаⓘ | view | |
x | ходⓘ; Богⓘ[3][10] | loch (Scottish); ugh | xʲ | хи́трыйⓘ; Хью́стон; лёгкийⓘ[1][3][10] | huge (for some dialects) | |
z | зубⓘ; сборⓘ[1] | zoo | zʲ | зима́ⓘ; резьба́; жизньⓘ; про́сьбаⓘ[1] | presume (for some dialects) | |
ʐ | жестⓘ; волшба́[1] | rouge | ʑː | по́зжеⓘ[12] | prestige genre | |
Stressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
a | трава́ⓘ | father | æ | пятьⓘ; ча́стьⓘ[13] | pat (US) | |
ɛ | жестⓘ; э́тотⓘ | met | e | пеньⓘ; э́тикаⓘ[13] | mace | |
ɨ | тыⓘ; ши́шкаⓘ; с и́грами | roses (for some dialects) | i | ли́нияⓘ; и́лиⓘ | meet | |
o | о́блакоⓘ; шёпотⓘ | chore | ɵ | тётяⓘ; плечо́ⓘ[13] | foot | |
u | пу́ляⓘ | boot | ʉ | чутьⓘ; лю́диⓘ[13] | choose | |
Unstressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
ɐ | облака́ⓘ; како́йⓘ; сообража́тьⓘ; тропа́ⓘ[14] | bud | — | |||
ə | ко́жаⓘ; о́блакоⓘ; се́рдцеⓘ | about | ə | во́ляⓘ; сего́дняⓘ; ку́чаⓘ[15] | lasagna | |
ɨ | дыша́тьⓘ; жена́ⓘ; во́дыⓘ; эта́пⓘ; к Ива́ну | roses (for some dialects) | ɪ | лиса́ⓘ; четы́реⓘ; тяжёлыйⓘ; де́вятьⓘ; часы́ⓘ[16] | bit | |
ʊ | мужчи́наⓘ | put | ʉ | чуде́сныйⓘ; люби́тьⓘ[13] | youth | |
ɛ | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] | met | — | |||
o | ра́диоⓘ; поэте́сса[17] | chore | ɵ | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[18] | foot | |
Suprasegmental | ||||||
IPA | Example | Explanation | ||||
ˈ | четы́реⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] | Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
ː | сза́диⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ][1] | Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant |
Close
- Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFHalle1959 (help).
- The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFHalle1959 (help).
- ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́сподиⓘ and Богⓘ, and in the interjections ага́ⓘ, ого́ⓘ, го́сподиⓘ, ей-бо́гуⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
- Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дняⓘ, сего́дняшнийⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help).
- The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
- /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996 (help).
- Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
- Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
- The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015 (help)).
- Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
- Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help).
- Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[citation needed]
- In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.