War of 1812

The War of 1812 (18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815) was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida. It began when the United States declared war on 18 June 1812. Although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, the war did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by Congress on 17 February 1815.[11][12]

War of 1812
Part of the Sixty Years' War and related to the Napoleonic Wars
Clockwise from top: Damage to the United States Capitol after the burning of Washington Mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere The death of Tecumseh in 1813 Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans in 1815
Date 18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815 (2 years, 7 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) Location North America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Result Inconclusive[lower-alpha 1] Territorial changes Anglo–American status quo ante bellum Spain loses West Florida to the United States Indigenous nations are mostly displaced from their territory
Belligerents
United States Allies: Choctaw Cherokee Creek Seneca	United Kingdom  Upper Canada  Lower Canada Allies: Tecumseh's Confederacy Six Nations  Spain (from 1813)
Commanders and leaders
James Madison Henry Dearborn John Rodgers Stephen Decatur Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William Hull	Philip Broke George Prévost Isaac Brock † Robert Ross † George Downie † Tecumseh †
Strength
United States United States Army: 7,000 (at war's start) 35,800 (at war's end) United States Rangers: 3,049 Militia: 458,463* United States Marines United States Navy and United States Revenue Cutter Service (at war's start) Ships of the line: none Frigates: 12 Other vessels: 14 Privateers: 515 ships[1] Allies 125 Choctaw Unknown number of other tribes and nations[2]	United Kingdom British Army: 5,200 (at war's start) 48,160 (at war's end) Militia: 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line: 11 Frigates: 34 Other vessels: 52 Provincial Marine ‡ (at war's start) Ships: 9 Allies Native American allies: 10,000–15,000[3][1]
Casualties and losses
United States: 2,200 killed in action [4] 5,200 died of disease [5] Up to 15,000 deaths from all causes [6] [5] 4,505 wounded [7] 20,000 captured[8][9] 8 frigates captured or burned 1,400 merchant ships captured 278 privateers captured 4,000 slaves escaped or freed[10] [dead link]	United Kingdom: 2,700 died in combat or disease [5] 10,000 died from all causes [1] [lower-alpha 2] 15,500 captured 4 frigates captured ~1,344 merchant ships captured (373 recaptured)[4] Allies Indigenous allies: 10,000 dead from all causes (warriors and civilians)[1][lower-alpha 3] Unknown captured  Spain: <20 casualties
* Some militias operated only in their own regions  † Killed in action  ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and semi-naval force on the Great Lakes

Tensions originated in long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America and British support for Native American tribes who opposed U.S. colonial settlement in the Northwest Territory. These escalated in 1807 after the Royal Navy began enforcing tighter restrictions on American trade with France and press-ganged men they claimed as British subjects, even those with American citizenship certificates.[13] Opinion in the U.S. was split on how to respond, and although majorities in both the House and Senate voted for war, they divided along strict party lines, with the Democratic-Republican Party in favour and the Federalist Party against.[lower-alpha 4][14] News of British concessions made in an attempt to avoid war did not reach the U.S. until late July, by which time the conflict was already underway.

At sea, the far larger Royal Navy imposed an effective blockade on U.S. maritime trade, while between 1812 and 1814 British regulars and colonial militia defeated a series of American attacks on Upper Canada.[15] This was balanced by the US winning control of the Northwest Territory with victories at Lake Erie and the Thames in 1813. The abdication of Napoleon in early 1814 allowed the British to send additional troops to North America and the Royal Navy to reinforce their blockade, crippling the American economy.[16] In August 1814, negotiations began in Ghent, with both sides wanting peace; the British economy had been severely impacted by the trade embargo, while the Federalists convened the Hartford Convention in December to formalise their opposition to the war.

In August 1814, British troops burned Washington, before American victories at Baltimore and Plattsburgh in September ended fighting in the north. Fighting continued in the Southeastern United States, where in late 1813 a civil war had broken out between a Creek faction supported by Spanish and British traders and those backed by the U.S. Supported by U.S. militia under General Andrew Jackson, the U.S.-backed Creeks won a series of victories, culminating in the capture of Pensacola in November 1814.[17] In early 1815, Jackson defeated a British attack on New Orleans, catapulting him to national celebrity and later victory in the 1828 United States presidential election.[18] News of this success arrived in Washington at the same time as that of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which essentially restored the position to that prevailing before the war. While Britain insisted this included lands belonging to their Native American allies prior to 1811, as Congress did not recognize them as independent nations, the Americans did not comply with these provisions and the British made no effort to compel them to do so. The Native Americans were subsequently pushed west of the Mississippi River. The British maintained all their maritime belligerent rights; despite impressment being a cause of the war, there was no mention of impressment in the peace treaty, and it continued after the war had ended.