Yanbulaq culture

The Yanbulaq culture (Ch: 焉不拉克文化 or 焉布拉克文化, Yanbulake wenhua, 1100–500 BCE) was an ancient culture based on the tombs of the Yanbulaq Cemetery (Chinese 焉不拉克古墓群, Pinyin Yānbùlākè gǔmùqún or焉不拉克墓地, Yānbùlākè mùdì , English Yanbulaq Cemetery) located on the northern hills of the Qumul Basin, in Yizhou District, Xinjiang, China. It was a Bronze Age culture, or an early Iron Age culture.

Yanbulaq culture

-1000 Karasuk Irmen Begazy-Dandybai culture Mezhovskaya culture Cimmerians Iranian pastoral people Slab- graves Kuban culture ASSYRIA ELAM Mumun Arameans Painted Grey Ware Swat Kuru Chust Subeshi Upper Xiajiadian Siwa culture Shanma Deer stones ZHOU DYNASTY San- xingdui Ulaan- zuukh KUSH 21st Dynasty of Egypt Location of the Yanbulaq culture (), with contemporary cultures in the 5th century BCE
Geographical range	Xinjiang
Dates	1100–500 BCE
Type site	Yanbulaq 42.878432°N 94.680668°E / 42.878432; 94.680668

The Tarim Basin, with the Taklamakan Desert, and area of the Tarim mummies ( ) with main burial sites, and the Qumul area of the Yanbulaq culture at the extreme east.

The cemetery at Yanbulaq contained 29 mummies which dated from 1100 to 500 BCE, 21 of which are Asian—the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin—and the remaining 8 are of the same Caucasian physical type as found at Qäwrighul.^[1] These later and eastern "Tarim mummies" represented both "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid" remains, indicating contact between newly arrived western nomads and agricultural communities in the east.^[2]

The Yuezhi may have been positionned around the Shirenzigou culture area, between the Subeshi culture to their west, the Yanbulaq culture to their east, the aftermaths of the Chemurchek culture to the north, and a wide desertical area to south about a thousand kilometers away from the Central Plains of China.^[3] It may also have had contacts with the painted pottery Bronze Age cultures in the Gansu and Qinghai regions.^[4]

Archaeological finds of iron knives suggest that the Yanbulaq culture, as well as the Shajing culture further south, may have been instrumental in the transmission of iron technology to China.^[5]

The Yanbulaq culture waned after 500 BCE.^[6]

The site has been on the list of monuments of the People's Republic of China (5-189) since 2001 .

References

1. Mallory & Mair 2000, p. 237.
2. Benjamin, Craig (3 May 2018). Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-108-63540-0. ... the fact that in cemeteries such as Yanbulaq both Europoid and Mongoloid mummies have been found together, also indicates some degree of interaction between existing farming populations and newly arrived nomadic migrants from the West.
3. Lan-Hai Wei, Ryan; Li, Hui (2013). "The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics". International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road CultureAt: University of Vienna, Vienna. 26–28 June 2013.
4. Li, Shuicheng (1999). A Discussion of Sino-Western Cultural Contact and Exchange in the Second Millennium BC Based on Recent Archeological Discoveries. Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania. Yanbulaq Culture , attention is often given to the eastern region of Xinjiang , and it is commonly thought that the Yanbulaq Culture had a close relationship with the painted pottery Bronze Age cultures in the Gansu and Qinghai region
5. MEI, JIANJUN (2003). "Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy: 28. The eastward transmission of iron technology appears to have taken a route from southern Xinjiang to eastern Xinjiang and then on into the Hexi Corridor. This view seems to be supported by finds of iron knives of the Yanbulake culture in eastern Xinjiang, as well as iron knives and spades of the Shajing culture (c.900–600 BC), which are distributed in the middle part of the Hexi Corridor (Li 1994: 501–5; Zhao 1996: 293–4).
6. Lan-Hai Wei, Ryan. "The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics". International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road Culture. The Yanbulaq culture declined after 500 B.C. and finally disappeared from the northern hills of the Qumul Basin.

Sources

• Zhang Ping (among others): “Xinjiang Hami Yanbulake mudi” (The Yanbulake Cemetery in Hami, Xinkiang). Kaogu xuebao 1989, No. 3, pp. 325–362 + plates 7–14. English summary p. 362. Han Kangxin: Xinjiang). Kaogu Xuebao 1990, No. 3
• Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames & Hudson.

External links

• Li Shuicheng: A Discussion of Sino-Western Cultural Contact and Exchange in the Second Millennium BC Based on Recent Archeological Discoveries. Abstract (English)
• Mummies from Qumul