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R̥ (Indic)
Letter "Ṛ" in Indic scripts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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R̥ (also transliterated Ṛ) is a letter symbol of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic (Brahmic) scripts, R̥ is derived from the early (Ashokan) Brahmi letter 
after having gone through the Gupta letter 
. It is used only in Sanskrit language and in direct (unmodified) loanwords from Sanskrit which constitute the so called tatsama vocabulary of the modern Indic languages written by Brahmic scripts. (The sign is not used in Pali) The symbol represents what in Sanskrit was a syllabic r-sound, same as in words like krk in some Slavic languages (Czech, Croatian, Serbian and Slovak). This vocalic r has the function of a vowel in Sanskrit grammar. In modern Indic languages, this letter is pronounced by adding a vowel sound after the r, yielding /ri/ in Northern South Asia, and /ru/ (Marathi, Odia, and the Dravidian languages of South India). English adopts the Northern Indic pronunciation into its spellings of Sanskrit loanwords (e.g. Krishna).
As with all vowels in Brahmic scripts, there are two signs to represent this single phoneme: 1) a stand-alone, independent letter (used when R̥ does not immediately follow a consonant), and 2) a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant letter. (Bare base consonants without a modifying vowel sign represent a consonant followed by an inherent "A" vowel). Both of the signs are transliterated as R̥ in the ISO 15919 romanization standard for Indic languages, and as Ṛ in IAST. The latter is commonly used in texts where no confusion with an identically transliterated Hindi consonant can arise (i.e. those where only Sanskrit occurs).
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Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The matra sign ृ was used to modify a consonant's value ×106, but the independent vowel letter ऋ did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic R̥
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There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. R̥ was not found in early Brahmi, and only appears in some of the less geometric styles of later Brahmi writing, such as the Gupta . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian R̥ 
has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including R̥ are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.
Brahmi R̥
The Brahmi letter R̥ is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh 
, and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi R̥ can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but R̥ is not found in those texts, so it is usually cited with a back-formed geometric style character similar to "X".
Tocharian R̥
The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi 
. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.
Kharoṣṭhī R̥
The Kharoṣṭhī letter R̥ is indicated with the vowel mark ._Письмо_кхароштхі._Kharoshthi_vowel_sign_vocalic_R.svg){kind=small}
. As an independent vowel, R̥ is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A ._Письмо_кхароштхі._Kharoshthi_letter_A.svg){kind=small}
.
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Devanagari R̥
Devanagari independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.
R̥ (ऋ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઋ, and the Modi letter 𑘆.
Devanagari Using Languages
The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ऋ is pronounced as [ɾi][dubious – discuss]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali R̥
Bengali independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.
R̥ (ঋ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter 
, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऋ.
Bengali Script Using Languages
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঋ is pronounced as [ṛ]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
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Gujarati R̥
Gujarati independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.
R̥ (ઋ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari R̥ , and the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઋ is pronounced as Gujarati pronunciation: [ri]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
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Telugu R̥
Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign R̥.
R̥ (ఋ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಋ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Ṛ is a non-attaching vowel sign, and does not alter the underlying consonant or contextually shape itself in any way.
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Malayalam R̥
Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign R̥.
R̥ (ഋ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter 
r. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as R̥, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style paḻaya lipi texts than in the modern reformed paḻaya lipi orthography.
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Odia R̥
R̥ (ଋ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter r. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.
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Tirhuta R̥
Tirhuta independent vowel and vowel sign Ṛ.
R̥ (𑒇) is a vowel of the Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter 
, via the Siddhaṃ letter 
r. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Tirhuta usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Several consonants are altered in form when adding the Ṛ vowel mark, unlike most Tirhuta vowels.
Conjuncts of 𑒇
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form ligatures and conjuncts. Unlike most Indic scripts, Tirhuta not only has ligatures and conjuncts of consonant clusters, but also forms ligatures of consonants + vowel marks. Ṛ (𑒇) is one of the vowels that form ligatures with some consonants.
- 𑒦𑓂 (bʰ) + 𑒇 (ṛ) gives the ligature bʰṛ:
- 𑒯𑓂 (h) + 𑒇 (ṛ) gives the ligature hṛ:
- 𑒏𑓂 (k) + 𑒇 (ṛ) gives the ligature kṛ:
- 𑒞𑓂 (t) + 𑒇 (ṛ) gives the ligature tṛ:
Comparison of R̥
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The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including R̥, are related as well.
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Character encodings of Ṛ
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Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter R̥ in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṛ from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
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References
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