1077 Campanula

1077 Campanula, provisional designation 1926 TK, is a presumed Erigonian asteroid, approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter, located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 6 October 1926, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany.^[14] The asteroid was named after the bellflower Campanula.^[3]

1077 Campanula

Shape model of Campanula from its lightcurve
Discovery[1]
Discovered by	K. Reinmuth
Discovery site	Heidelberg Obs.
Discovery date	6 October 1926
Designations
MPC designation	(1077) Campanula
Pronunciation	/kæmˈpænjʊlə/[2]
Named after	Campanula (bellflower)[3]
Alternative designations	1926 TK · 1957 AJ 1972 CB
Minor planet category	main-belt · (inner) Erigone[4]
Orbital characteristics[1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	90.56 yr (33,077 days)
Aphelion	2.8655 AU
Perihelion	1.9220 AU
Semi-major axis	2.3938 AU
Eccentricity	0.1971
Orbital period (sidereal)	3.70 yr (1,353 days)
Mean anomaly	218.36°
Mean motion	0° 15m 57.96s / day
Inclination	5.3941°
Longitude of ascending node	346.20°
Argument of perihelion	13.591°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	7.55±1.72 km[5] 9±2 km[6] 9.709±0.278 km[7][8]
Synodic rotation period	3.847±0.002 h[a] 3.850±0.001 h[9][10] 3.850486±0.000001 h[11] 3.85085±0.00005 h[6] 3.852±0.002 h[12]
Pole ecliptic latitude	(178.0°, 76.0°) (λ1/β1)[13] (313.0°, 59.0°) (λ2/β2)[13]
Geometric albedo	0.225±0.017[7] 0.2253±0.0169[8] 0.33±0.12[5]
Spectral type	S[4] V–R = 0.400±0.070[6]
Absolute magnitude (H)	12.3[14][1]

Classification and orbit

Campanula is considered to be a member of the Erigone family (406),^[4] which is named after 163 Erigone, while other sources classify it as a background asteroid, not associated to any known asteroid family.^[15][13] It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,353 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.^[1] The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 2 months after its official discovery observation.^[14]

Naming

This minor planet was named for the bellflower Campanula. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).^[3]

Reinmuth's flowers

Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).^[16]

Physical characteristics

Campanula is an assumed stony S-type asteroid,^[4] which is not in line with the darker C- and X-types seen among the Erigonian asteroids.^[17]: 23

Rotation period and poles

Several rotational lightcurves of Campanula were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.847 to 3.852 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 to 0.40 magnitude (U=3-/3/3/3).^{[6][9][10][12][a]} A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 3.850486 hours (U=n.a.), as well as two spin axis of (178.0°, 76.0°) and (313.0°, 59.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).^[11]

Diameter and albedo

According to observations taken at the Balzaretto Observatory (A81) and the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Campanula measures between 7.55 and 9.709 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.225 and 0.33.^[5][6][7][8] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.50.^[4]

See also

• List of minor planets named after animals and plants § Plants

Notes

1. Higgins (2011) web: rotation period 3.847±0.002 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.40±0.02 mag. Quality code is 3–. Summary figures for (1077) Campanula at the LCDB.