1693 - Wikiwand

1693 (MDCXCIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1693rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 693rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 93rd year of the 17th century, and the 4th year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1693, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Quick Facts

1693 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1693 MDCXCIII
Ab urbe condita	2446
Armenian calendar	1142 ԹՎ ՌՃԽԲ
Assyrian calendar	6443
Balinese saka calendar	1614–1615
Bengali calendar	1099–1100
Berber calendar	2643
English Regnal year	5 Will. & Mar. – 6 Will. & Mar.
Buddhist calendar	2237
Burmese calendar	1055
Byzantine calendar	7201–7202
Chinese calendar	壬申年 (Water Monkey) 4390 or 4183 — to — 癸酉年 (Water Rooster) 4391 or 4184
Coptic calendar	1409–1410
Discordian calendar	2859
Ethiopian calendar	1685–1686
Hebrew calendar	5453–5454
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1749–1750
- Shaka Samvat	1614–1615
- Kali Yuga	4793–4794
Holocene calendar	11693
Igbo calendar	693–694
Iranian calendar	1071–1072
Islamic calendar	1104–1105
Japanese calendar	Genroku 6 (元禄６年)
Javanese calendar	1616–1617
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	4026
Minguo calendar	219 before ROC 民前219年
Nanakshahi calendar	225
Thai solar calendar	2235–2236
Tibetan calendar	ཆུ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Water-Monkey) 1819 or 1438 or 666 — to — ཆུ་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Water-Bird) 1820 or 1439 or 667

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Events

January–March

January 11 – The Mount Etna volcano erupts in Italy, causing a devastating earthquake that kills 60,000 people in Sicily and Malta.^[1]
January 22 – A total lunar eclipse is visible across North and South America.^[2]
February 8 – The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia is granted a Royal charter.
February 27 – The publication of the first women's magazine, titled The Ladies' Mercury, takes place in London.^[3] It is published by the Athenian Society.
March 27 – Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after Sultan Ahmed II appoints him as the successor of Çalık Ali Pasha.

April–June

April 4 – Anne Palles becomes the last accused witch to be executed for witchcraft in Denmark, after having been convicted of using powers of sorcery. King Christian V accepts her plea not to be burned alive, and she is beheaded before her body is set afire.
April 5 – The Order of Saint Louis, the first medal to be awarded in France to military personnel who are not members of nobility, is created by order of King Louis XIV, and named after his ancestor, King Louis IX.
April 28 – The 90-gun English Royal Navy warship HMS Windsor Castle is wrecked beyond repair on the Goodwin Sands.
April – Tituba, a slave who had been convicted at the Salem witch trials of practicing witchcraft after making a confession, is released from jail in Boston after 13 months when an unknown purchaser pays her jail fees.^[4]
May 18 – Forces of Louis XIV of France attack Heidelberg, capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate.
May 22 – Heidelberg is taken by the invading French forces; on May 23 Heidelberg Castle is surrendered, after which the French blow up its towers using mines.
June 5 – The first performance of the opera Didon by French composer Henri Desmarets takes place at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris.
June 27 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Lagos off Portugal: The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet.

July–September

July 17 – A total lunar eclipse is visible in New Zealand and across the Pacific Ocean.^[5]
July 29 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Landen: William III of England is defeated by the French (with Irish Jacobite mercenaries).
August 21 – The Indian Ocean port of Pondicherry, capital of French India is captured by a 17-ship fleet from the Netherlands and 1,600 men under the command of Laurens Pit the Younger.
September 9 – Francesco Invrea, King of Corsica, begins a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Cattaneo Della Volta.
September 10 – France begins the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) fort of Charleroi.
September 14 – King Louis XIV of France sends a letter to Pope Innocent XII announcing the rescission of the Declaration of the Clergy of France issued in 1682.
September 23 – Manuel Afonso Nzinga a Nlenke, ruling as King Manuel I of the Kingdom of Kongo (in present-day northern Angola) is executed on orders of the new king, Álvaro X.

October–December

October – William Congreve's comedy The Double-Dealer is first performed in London.^[6]^[7]
October 4 – Battle of Marsaglia near Turin in the Duchy of Savoy: A French force under the command of General Nicolas Catinat defeats the Savoyard forces, leaving 10,000 dead or wounded, while sustaining only 1,000 casualties.
October 11 – Charleroi falls to French forces.
October 29 – The Great Storm changes the course of rivers and alters the coastline from Virginia to Long Island in America.^[8]
November 7 – King Charles II of Spain issues a royal edict providing sanctuary in Spanish Florida for escaped slaves from the English colony of South Carolina.^[9]^[10]
November 14 – General Santaji Ghorpade of the Maratha Empire in India is defeated by General Himmat Khan of the Mughal Empire near Vikramhalli, and retreats. A week later, after regrouping his troops, Santaji defeats Himmat at their next encounter.
November 21 – The 46-gun Royal Navy frigate HMS Mordaunt founders off of the coast of Cuba.
November 29 – A fleet of 30 English and Dutch ships captures the French port of Saint-Malo
December 16 – Diego de Vargas, Spanish colonial governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México (now the area around the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico), returns to the walled city of Santa Fe and requests the Pueblo people to accept the authority of the colonial government. Negotiations fail and a siege begins on December 29. The Pueblo defenders surrender the next day and the 70 rebels are executed soon after. The 400 civilian women and children are made slaves and distributed to the Spanish colonists.^[11]
December 27 – The new 80-gun English Navy warship HMS Sussex departs Portsmouth on its maiden voyage, escorting a fleet of 48 warships and 166 merchant ships to the Mediterranean Sea. The fleet runs into a storm on February 27, 1694, and on March 1, Sussex and 12 other warships sink, along with a cargo of gold.

Date unknown

China concentrates all its foreign trade on Canton; European ships are forbidden to land anywhere else.
A religious schism takes place in Switzerland, within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists led by Jakob Ammann. Those who follow Ammann become the Mennonite Amish sect.^[12]
The Knights of the Apocalypse are formed in Italy.
The Academia Operosorum Labacensium is established in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Financier Richard Hoare relocates Hoare's Bank (founded 1672) from Cheapside to Fleet Street in London.
Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis creates a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, earliest known form of eau de Cologne.^[13]
John Locke publishes his influential book Some Thoughts Concerning Education.^[14]
William Penn publishes his proposal for European federation, Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe.^[7]
English astronomer Edmond Halley studies records of births and deaths in Breslau (Poland), producing a life table consolidating year of birth and age at death. He uses this to work out the price of life annuities.^[15]
Dimitrie Cantemir presents his Kitâbu 'İlmi'l-Mûsiki alâ Vechi'l-Hurûfât (The Book of the Science of Music through Letters) to Sultan Ahmed II, which deals with melodic and rhythmic structure and practice of Ottoman music, and contains the scores for around 350 works composed during and before his own time, in an alphabetical notation system he invented.