1824–25 United States Senate elections

The 1824–25 United States Senate Elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1824 and 1825, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

1824–25 United States Senate elections

← 1822 & 1823 Dates vary by state 1826 & 1827 →
16 of the 48 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Party Jacksonian Anti-Jacksonian Seats won 8 10 Seats after 25 20 Seat change 25 20 Seats up 0 0   Third party Fourth party   Party Democratic-Republican Federalist Last election 44 seats 3 seats Seats before 43 5 Seat change 43 5 Seats up 15 1
Results:      Jacksonian Hold      Jacksonian Gain      Anti-Jacksonian Hold      Anti-Jacksonian Gain      Legislature Failed To Elect
Majority Party before election Democratic-Republican Elected Majority Party Jacksonian

The Jacksonians gained a majority over the Anti-Jacksonian National Republican Party.

Results summary

Senate party division, 19th Congress (1825–1827)

• Majority party: Jacksonian (26)
• Minority party: Anti-Jacksonian (22)
• Total seats: 48

Change in composition

Before the elections

						DR1	DR1	DR3	DR4
DR14	DR13	DR12	DR11	DR10	DR9	DR8	DR7	DR6	DR5
DR15	DR16	DR17	DR18	DR19	DR20	DR21	DR22	DR23	DR24
Majority →
DR34 Ohio Ran new party	DR33 N.C. Ran new party	DR32 Mo. Ran new party	DR31 Md. Ran new party	DR30 La. Ran new party	DR29 Conn. Ran new party	DR28	DR27	DR26	DR25
DR35 S.C. Ran new party	DR36 Ala. Unknown	DR37 Ga. Unknown	DR38 Ill. Unknown	DR39 Ky. Unknown	DR40 N.H. Unknown	DR41 Ind. Retired	DR42 Pa. Retired	DR43 Vt. Retired	Fa5 N.Y. Retired
						Fa1	Fa2	Fa3	Fa4

Election results

						DR1	DR1	DR3	DR4
DR14	DR13	DR12	DR11	DR10	DR9	DR8	DR7	DR6	DR5
DR15	DR16	DR17	DR18	DR19	DR20	DR21	DR22	DR23	DR24
Majority →
AJ6 Pa. Gain	AJ5 Ohio Gain	AJ4 Ind. Gain	AJ3 Vt. Re-elected new party	AJ2 Mo. Re-elected new party	AJ1 La. Re-elected new party	DR28	DR27	DR26	DR25
V1 Conn. DR Loss	V2 N.Y. F Loss	J8 N.H. Gain	J7 Ky. Gain	J6 Ill. Gain	J5 Ga. Gain	J4 Ala. Gain	J3 S.C. Re-elected new party	J2 N.C. Re-elected new party	J1 Md. Re-elected new party
						Fa1	Fa2	Fa3	Fa4

Beginning of the next Congress

						AJ1	AJ2	AJ3	AJ4
AJ14	AJ13	AJ12	AJ11	AJ10	AJ9	AJ8	AJ7	AJ6	AJ5
AJ15	AJ16	AJ17	AJ18	AJ19	AJ20	V1	V2	V3	J25
Majority →									J24
J15	J16	J17	J18	J19	J20	J21	J22	J23
J14	J13	J12	J11	J10	J9	J8	J7	J6	J5
						J1	J2	J3	J4

Key:	18th Congress 19th Congress DR# Democratic-Republican AJ# Anti-Jacksonian F# Federalist J# Jacksonian   V# Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 18th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1824 or before March 4, 1825; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Delaware (Class 2)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. Incumbent re-elected late January 9, 1824. Federalist gain.	▌Y Nicholas Van Dyke (Federalist) 18 ▌Andrew Gray (Democratic-Republican) 9 Blank 1[2]
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			Caesar A. Rodney (DR) resigned January 29, 1823 in the previous Congress. Successor elected January 13, 1824. Federalist gain.	▌Y Thomas Clayton (Federalist) 19 ▌Henry M. Ridgely (Federalist) 9 ▌William H. White (Federalist) 1[3]
Louisiana (Class 3)	James Brown	Democratic- Republican	1819	Incumbent resigned December 10, 1823 to become U.S. Minister to France. Successor elected January 15, 1824.[4] Democratic-Republican hold. Successor later re-elected; see below.	▌Y Josiah S. Johnston (Adams-Clay D-R) 29 ▌Edward Livingston (Jackson D-R) 27[4]
Connecticut (Class 2)	Henry W. Edwards	Democratic- Republican	1823 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected May 5, 1824.	▌Y Henry W. Edwards (Jackson D-R) [data missing]
Louisiana (Class 2)	Henry Johnson	Democratic- Republican	1818 (appointed) 1823 (special)	Incumbent resigned May 27, 1824 to become Governor of Louisiana. Successor elected November 19, 1824. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Dominique Bouligny (Adams-Clay D-R) 33 ▌J. H. Harper (Unknown) 14 votes ▌P. Thomas (Unknown) 11 votes[5]
Illinois (Class 3)	Ninian Edwards	Democratic- Republican	1818 1819	Incumbent resigned March 3, 1824. Successor elected November 24, 1824 on the third ballot, but not to next term. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y John McLean (Democratic-Republican) [data missing][6]
Georgia (Class 2)	Nicholas Ware	Democratic- Republican	1821 (special) 1823	Incumbent died September 7, 1824. Successor elected December 6, 1824. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Thomas W. Cobb (Jackson D-R) [data missing][7]
Virginia (Class 2)	John Taylor	Democratic- Republican	1792 (special) 1793	Died August 21, 1824. Successor elected December 7, 1824. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Littleton Tazewell (Jackson D-R) [data missing]

Races leading to the 19th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1825 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	William Kelly	Democratic-Republican (Jackson faction)	1822 (special)	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Successor elected in 1824.[8] Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Henry H. Chambers (Jacksonian) [data missing]
Connecticut	James Lanman	Democratic-Republican (Crawford faction)	1818	Incumbent re-elected in 1824[9] but disqualified. Democratic-Republican loss.	▌Y James Lanman (Unknown) [data missing]
Georgia	John Elliott	Democratic-Republican (Crawford faction)	1819	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Successor elected in 1824.[10] Jacksonian gain.	▌Y John M. Berrien (Jacksonian) [data missing]
Illinois	Ninian Edwards	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1818 1819	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Successor elected in 1824 on the tenth ballot.[11] Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Elias Kane (Jacksonian) 28 ▌Samuel D. Lockwood (Anti-Jacksonian) 21 ▌Thomas Sloo Jr. (Jacksonian) 2 ▌Edward Coles (Independent) 1[11]
Indiana	Waller Taylor	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1816 1818	Incumbent retired. Successor elected in 1825 on the fourth ballot.[12] Anti-Jacksonian gain.	▌Y William Hendricks (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing]
Kentucky	Isham Talbot	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1815 (special) 1819 (lost or retired) 1820 (special)	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Successor elected in 1824.[13] Jacksonian gain.	▌Y John Rowan (Jacksonian) [data missing]
Louisiana	Josiah S. Johnston	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1824	Incumbent re-elected in 1825 on the second ballot as an Anti-Jacksonian.[14]	▌Y Josiah S. Johnston (Anti-Jacksonian) 32 ▌Edward Livingston (Democratic-Republican) 27
Maryland	Edward Lloyd	Democratic-Republican (Crawford faction)	1819	Incumbent re-elected in 1825 as a Jacksonian.	▌Y Edward Lloyd (Jacksonian) [data missing][15]
Missouri	David Barton	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1821	Incumbent re-elected in 1824 as an Anti-Jacksonian.[16]	▌Y David Barton (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing]
New Hampshire	John F. Parrott	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1818	Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Successor elected in 1825 on the forty-first ballot.[a][17] Jacksonian gain. Successor seated late March 16, 1825.	▌Y Levi Woodbury (Jacksonian) 115 ▌Jeremiah Mason (Federalist) 53 ▌Samuel Dinsmoor (Democratic-Republican) 43 ▌William Plumer Jr. (Anti-Jacksonian) 1 ▌Nay 2 votes[17]
New York	Rufus King	Federalist (Adams-Clay faction)	1789 1795 1796 (resigned) 1813 1819/1820	Incumbent retired. Vacant due to a deadlock in the New York State Legislature.[18][19] Federalist loss.	17 candidates
North Carolina	Nathaniel Macon	Democratic-Republican (Crawford faction)	1815 (special) 1818	Incumbent re-elected in 1824 as a Jacksonian.[20]	▌Y Nathaniel Macon (Jacksonian) [data missing]
Ohio	Ethan Allen Brown	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1822 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Successor elected in 1825 on the fourth ballot.[21] Anti-Jacksonian gain.	▌Y William Henry Harrison (Anti-Jacksonian) ▌Ethan Allen Brown (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Pennsylvania	Walter Lowrie	Democratic-Republican (Crawford faction)	1818	Incumbent retired. Successor elected in February 1825 on the thirty-second ballot.[22] Anti-Jacksonian gain.	▌Y William Marks (Anti-Jacksonian) 73 ▌Thomas Burnside (Democratic-Republican) 27 ▌John Sergeant (Federalist) 19 ▌Samuel D. Ingham (Democratic-Republican) 2[22]
South Carolina	John Gaillard	Democratic-Republican (Crawford faction)	1804 (special) 1806 1812 1818	Incumbent re-elected in 1824 on the second ballot as a Jacksonian.[23]	▌Y John Gaillard (Jacksonian) 82 ▌Daniel E. Huger (Jacksonian) 67 ▌Warren R. Davis (Jacksonian) 7 Blank 1[23]
Vermont	William A. Palmer	Democratic-Republican (Adams-Clay faction)	1818 (special) 1818	Incumbent retired. Successor elected in 1824 on the fourth ballot.[24] Anti-Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Dudley Chase (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing]

Special elections during the 19th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1825 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Connecticut (Class 3)	Vacant			Vacant due to credentials challenge. Successor elected May 4, 1825. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Calvin Willey (Anti-Jacksonian) [data missing]
Rhode Island (Class 2)	James DeWolf	Anti-Jacksonian	1820/1821	Incumbent resigned October 31, 1825. Successor elected October 31, 1825. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	▌Y Asher Robbins (Anti-Jacksonian) 43 ▌Elisha R. Potter (Unknown) 36 Scattering 2[25]

Alabama

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama

Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1825 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut

Connecticut (special, class 2)

Connecticut (regular)

Connecticut (special, class 3)

Delaware

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

Delaware (special, class 1)

1824 United States Senate class 1 special election in Delaware

← 1822 (special) January 13, 1824 1827 →
29 members of the Delaware General Assembly
Candidate Thomas Clayton Henry M. Ridgely Party Federalist Federalist Alliance Anti-Jacksonian Jacksonian Legislative vote 19 9 Percentage 65.5% 31.0%

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Caesar A. Rodney resigned on January 29, 1823, after being appointed U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Provinces of the River Plate, an office now known as the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, by President James Monroe. A special election was held on January 13, 1824. Federalist Anti-Jacksonian Thomas Clayton, a Delaware State Senator and former congressman was elected to the office, beating Delaware State Representative Henry M. Ridgely, who was also a Federalist, but one with Jacksonian sympathies.

Delaware (special, class 2)

1824 United States Senate class 2 special election in Delaware

← 1817 January 9, 1824 1827 (special) →
28 members of the Delaware General Assembly
Nominee Nicholas Van Dyke Andrew Gray Party Federalist Democratic-Republican Legislative vote 18 9 Percentage 64.3% 32.1%

The Delaware General Assembly had failed to elect a senator in the previous election cycle. Nicholas Van Dyke, the incumbent, was reelected late.

Georgia

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia

Georgia (special)

Georgia (regular)

Illinois

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois

Illinois (special)

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Ninian Edwards resigned on March 3, 1824, to become the U.S. Minister to Mexico, although he never took office. Former Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives John McLean, a Democratic-Republican was elected to take his place on November 24, 1824.

Illinois (regular)

Indiana

See also: List of United States senators from Indiana

Kentucky

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Louisiana

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana

Louisiana (special)

1824 United States Senate special election in Louisiana

← 1819 January 15, 1824 1825 →
56 members of the Louisiana State Legislature
Candidate Josiah S. Johnston Edward Livingston Party Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Alliance Anti-Jacksonian Jacksonian Legislative vote 29 27 Percentage 51.8% 48.2%

Incumbent Democratic-Republican James Brown resigned on December 10, 1823, to become the U.S. Minister to France. A special election was held on January 15, 1824. Both candidates were Democratic-Republicans but were split over loyalties to Andrew Jackson. The Anti-Jacksonian, former congressman Josiah S. Johnston narrowly defeated Jacksonian congressman Edward Livingston.

Louisiana (regular)

Maryland

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

1825 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1819 January 25, 1825 1826 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Candidate Edward Lloyd Ezekiel F. Chambers Party Federalist National Republican Legislative vote 54 34 Percentage 60.67% 38.20%

Edward Lloyd won election over Ezekiel F. Chambers by a margin of 22.47%, or 20 votes, for the Class 3 seat.^[26]

Missouri

See also: List of United States senators from Missouri

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire

New York

Main article: 1825–1826 United States Senate election in New York

See also: List of United States senators from New York

North Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

Ohio

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

William Henry Harrison

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Jacksonian Ethan Allen Brown was elected in an 1822 special election following the death of William A. Trimble. He was defeated for reelection by William Henry Harrison, a former congressman and war hero, who was an Anti-Jacksonian.

Pennsylvania

Main article: 1824–1825 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

Rhode Island (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island

South Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina

Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

Virginia (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

See also

• 1824 United States elections
  • 1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections
• 18th United States Congress
• 19th United States Congress

Notes

1. There were 36 ballots in 1824 in which the New Hampshire House of Representatives and New Hampshire Senate would not agree on a U.S. senator. Balloting continued into 1825, and Woodbury was finally elected on the 5th ballot.