Delaware

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Delaware (disambiguation).

Delaware (/ˈdɛləwɛər/ ^ⓘ DEL-ə-wair)^[9] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern region of the United States.^[10] It borders Maryland to its south and west, Pennsylvania to its north, New Jersey to its northeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state's name derives from the adjacent Delaware Bay, which in turn was named after Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and the Colony of Virginia's first colonial-era governor.^[11]

Delaware
State
Flag Seal
Nickname(s):  The First State; The Small Wonder;[1] Blue Hen State; The Diamond State
Motto:  Liberty and Independence
Anthem: "Our Delaware"
Map of the United States with Delaware highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Delaware Colony, New Netherland, New Sweden
Admitted to the Union	December 7, 1787; 236 years ago (1787-12-07) (1st)
Capital	Dover
Largest city	Wilmington
Largest county or equivalent	New Castle
Largest metro and urban areas	Delaware Valley
Government
• Governor	John Carney (D)
• Lieutenant Governor	Bethany Hall-Long (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Delaware Supreme Court
U.S. senators	Tom Carper (D) Chris Coons (D)
U.S. House delegation	Lisa Blunt Rochester (D) (list)
Area
• Total	2,489[2] sq mi (6,450 km2)
• Rank	49th
Dimensions
• Length	96 mi (154 km)
• Width	30 mi (48 km)
Elevation	60 ft (20 m)
Highest elevation (Near the Ebright Azimuth[3][lower-alpha 1][4])	447.85 ft (136.50468 m)
Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean[3])	0 ft (0 m)
Population  (July 1, 2023)
• Total	1,031,890[5]
• Rank	45th[6]
• Density	500/sq mi (190/km2)
• Rank	6th
• Median household income	$69,100[7]
• Income rank	19th
Demonym	Delawarean
Language
• Official language	None
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation	DE
ISO 3166 code	US-DE
Traditional abbreviation	Del.
Latitude	38° 27′ N to 39° 50′ N
Longitude	75° 3′ W to 75° 47′ W
Website	delaware.gov

State symbols of Delaware

List of state symbols
Flag of Delaware
Seal of Delaware
Slogan	Endless Discoveries—[8] Formerly: It's Good Being First
Living insignia
Bird	Delaware Blue Hen
Butterfly	Eastern tiger swallowtail
Fish	Weakfish
Flower	Peach blossom
Insect	7-spotted ladybug
Tree	American holly
Wildlife animal	Grey fox
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Color(s)	Colonial blue, buff
Food	Strawberry, peach custard pie
Fossil	Belemnite
Mineral	Sillimanite
Soil	Greenwich
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 1999
Lists of United States state symbols

Interactive map showing border of Delaware (click to zoom)

Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula, and some islands and territory within the Delaware River. It is the 2nd smallest and 6th least populous state, but also the 6th most densely populated. Delaware's most populous city is Wilmington, and the state's capital is Dover, the 2nd most populous city in Delaware. The state is divided into three counties, the fewest number of counties of any of the 50 U.S. states;^{[lower-alpha 2]} from north to south, the three counties are: New Castle County, Kent County, and Sussex County. The southern two counties, Kent and Sussex counties, historically have been predominantly agrarian economies. New Castle is more urbanized and is considered part of the Delaware Valley metropolitan statistical area that surrounds and includes Philadelphia, the nation's sixth most populous city. Delaware is considered part of the Southern United States by the U.S. Census Bureau, but the state's geography, culture, and history are a hybrid of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the country.^[12]

Before the Delaware coastline was explored and developed by Europeans in the 16th century, the state was inhabited by several Native American tribes, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south. The state was first colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael, near present-day Lewes, Delaware, in 1631. Delaware was one of the Thirteen Colonies that participated in the American Revolution against Great Britain, which established the United States as an independent nation. On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, earning it the nickname "The First State".^[13]

Since the turn of the 20th century, Delaware has become an onshore corporate haven whose corporate laws are deemed appealing to corporations; over half of all New York Stock Exchange-listed corporations and over three-fifths of the Fortune 500 are legally incorporated in Delaware. Over 90% of all U.S. based companies that went public in 2021 incorporated themselves in Delaware.^[14]

Delaware was named after its location on the Delaware Bay, which in turn derived its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (1577–1618), the first governor of the Colony of Virginia. The Delaware people, a name used by Europeans for Lenape people Indigenous to the Delaware Valley, also derive their name from the same source.

The name de La Warr was derived from Sussex and is of Anglo-French origin.^[15][16] It came probably from a Norman lieu-dit La Guerre. This toponymic likely derived from Latin ager, the Breton gwern or from the Late Latin varectum (fallow). The toponyms Gara, Gare, Gaire, (the sound [ä] often mutated in [æ]) also appear in historical texts cited by Lucien Musset, where the word ga(i)ra means gore. It could also be linked with a patronymic from the Old Norse verr.

Main article: History of Delaware

Native Americans

Before Delaware was settled by European colonists, the present-day state was home to the Eastern Algonquian tribes known as the Unami Lenape, or Delaware, who lived mostly along the coast, and the Nanticoke who occupied much of the southern Delmarva Peninsula. John Smith also shows two Iroquoian tribes, the Kuskarawock and Tockwogh, living north of the Nanticoke—they may have held small portions of land in the western part of the state before migrating across the Chesapeake Bay.^[17] The Kuskarawocks were most likely the Tuscarora.

The Unami Lenape in the Delaware Valley were closely related to Munsee Lenape tribes along the Hudson River. They had a settled hunting and agricultural society, and they rapidly became middlemen in an increasingly frantic fur trade with their ancient enemy, the Minqua or Susquehannock. With the loss of their lands on the Delaware River and the destruction of the Minqua by the Iroquois of the Five Nations in the 1670s, the remnants of the Lenape who wished to remain identified as such left the region and moved over the Allegheny Mountains by the mid-18th century. Generally, those who did not relocate out of the state of Delaware were baptized, became Christian and were grouped together with other persons of color in official records and in the minds of their non-Native American neighbors.^{[citation needed]}

Colonial Delaware

Main articles: New Netherland, New Sweden, and Delaware Colony

The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in present-day Delaware in the middle region by establishing a trading post at Zwaanendael, near the site of Lewes in 1631.^[18] Within a year, all the settlers were killed in a dispute with Native American tribes living in the area. In 1638, New Sweden, a Swedish trading post and colony, was established at Fort Christina (now in Wilmington) by Peter Minuit at the head of a group of Swedes, Finns and Dutch. The colony of New Sweden lasted 17 years. In 1651, the Dutch, reinvigorated by the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a fort at present-day New Castle and, in 1655, they conquered the New Sweden colony, annexing it into the Dutch New Netherland.^[19][20] Only nine years later, in 1664, the Dutch were conquered by a fleet of English ships by Sir Robert Carr under the direction of James, the Duke of York. Fighting off a prior claim by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland, the Duke passed his somewhat dubious ownership on to William Penn in 1682. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware"^[19] from the Duke.

Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the province of Pennsylvania had grown so large their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties, and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique; from 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor.^[21] Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.^[22]

Dependent in early years on indentured labor, Delaware imported more slaves as the number of English immigrants decreased with better economic conditions in England. The colony became a slave society and cultivated tobacco as a cash crop, although English immigrants continued to arrive.

American Revolution

Main articles: American Revolutionary War, Lee Resolution, United States Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia campaign, Articles of Confederation § Ratification, Treaty of Paris (1783), Constitutional Convention (United States), Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

A two-shilling, six-pence banknote issued by Delaware in 1777

Like the other middle colonies, the Lower Counties on the Delaware initially showed little enthusiasm for a break with Britain. The citizenry had a good relationship with the Proprietary government, and generally were allowed more independence of action in their Colonial Assembly than in other colonies. Merchants at the port of Wilmington had trading ties with the British.

New Castle lawyer Thomas McKean denounced the Stamp Act in the strongest terms, and Kent County native John Dickinson became the "Penman of the Revolution". Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, Patriot leaders Thomas McKean and Caesar Rodney convinced the Colonial Assembly to declare itself separated from British and Pennsylvania rule on June 15, 1776. The person best representing Delaware's majority, George Read, could not bring himself to vote for a Declaration of Independence. Only the dramatic overnight ride of Caesar Rodney gave the delegation the votes needed to cast Delaware's vote for independence.

Initially led by John Haslet, Delaware provided one of the premier regiments in the Continental Army, known as the "Delaware Blues" and nicknamed the "Blue Hen's Chicks". In August 1777 General Sir William Howe led a British army through Delaware on his way to a victory at the Battle of Brandywine and capture of the city of Philadelphia. The only real engagement on Delaware soil was the Battle of Cooch's Bridge, fought on September 3, 1777, at Cooch's Bridge in New Castle County, although there was a minor Loyalist rebellion in 1778.

Following the Battle of Brandywine, Wilmington was occupied by the British, and State President John McKinly was taken prisoner. The British remained in control of the Delaware River for much of the rest of the war, disrupting commerce and providing encouragement to an active Loyalist portion of the population, particularly in Sussex County. Because the British promised slaves of rebels freedom for fighting with them, escaped slaves flocked north to join their lines.^[23]

Following the American Revolution, statesmen from Delaware were among the leading proponents of a strong central United States with equal representation for each state.

Slavery and race

Many colonial settlers came to Delaware from Maryland and Virginia, where the population had been increasing rapidly. The economies of these colonies were chiefly based on labor-intensive tobacco and increasingly dependent on African slaves because of a decline in working class immigrants from England. Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants (contracted for a fixed period to pay for their passage), and in the early years the line between servant and slave was fluid.^{[citation needed]}

Most of the free African-American families in Delaware before the Revolution had migrated from Maryland to find more affordable land. They were descendants chiefly of relationships or marriages between white servant women and enslaved, servant or free African or African-American men.^[24] Under slavery law, children took the social status of their mothers, so children born to white women were free, regardless of their paternity, just as children born to enslaved women were born into slavery. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in England, more slaves were imported for labor and the caste lines hardened.

By the end of the colonial period, the number of enslaved people in Delaware began to decline. Shifts in the agriculture economy from tobacco to mixed farming resulted in less need for slaves' labor. In addition local Methodists and Quakers encouraged slaveholders to free their slaves following the American Revolution, and many did so in a surge of individual manumissions for idealistic reasons. By 1810, three-quarters of all blacks in Delaware were free. When John Dickinson freed his slaves in 1777, he was Delaware's largest slave owner with 37 slaves. By 1860, the largest slaveholder owned 16 slaves.^[25]

Although attempts to abolish slavery failed by narrow margins in the legislature, in practical terms the state had mostly ended the practice. By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91.7% of the black population were free;^[26] 1,798 were slaves, as compared to 19,829 "free colored persons".^[27]

An independent black denomination was chartered in 1813 by freed slave Peter Spencer as the "Union Church of Africans". This followed the 1793 establishment in Philadelphia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church by Richard Allen, which had ties to the Methodist Episcopal Church until 1816. Spencer built a church in Wilmington for the new denomination.^[28] This was renamed as the African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection, more commonly known as the A.U.M.P. Church. In 1814, Spencer called for the first annual gathering, known as the Big August Quarterly, which continues to draw members of this denomination and their descendants together in a religious and cultural festival.^[29]

Delaware voted against secession on January 3, 1861, and so remained in the Union. While most Delaware citizens who fought in the war served in the regiments of the state, some served in companies on the Confederate side in Maryland and Virginia Regiments. Delaware is notable for being the only slave state from which no Confederate regiments or militia groups were assembled.^{[citation needed]} Delaware essentially freed the few slaves who were still in bondage shortly after the Civil War^{[further explanation needed]} but rejected the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution; the 13th Amendment was rejected on February 8, 1865, the 14th Amendment was rejected on February 8, 1867, and the 15th Amendment was rejected on March 18, 1869. Delaware officially ratified the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments on February 12, 1901.^[30]

Reconstruction and industrialization

During the Reconstruction Era that followed the Civil War, Democratic Redeemer governments led by the South's Bourbon aristocracy continued to dominate the region and imposed explicitly white supremacist regimes in the former slave states. The Delaware legislature declared Black people to be second-class citizens in 1866, and restricted their voting rights despite the 15th Amendment, ensuring continued Democratic success in the state throughout most of the 19th century.^[31] Fearful that the 1875 Civil Rights Act passed by Congress might establish racial equality, Delaware legislators passed Jim Crow laws that mandated segregation in public facilities. The state's educational system was segregated by operation of law.^[32] Delaware's segregation was written into the state constitution, which, while providing at Article X, Section 2, that "no distinction shall be made on account of race or color", nonetheless required that "separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained."^[33]

Beginning in the late 19th century, the Wilmington area grew into a manufacturing center. Investment in manufacturing in the city grew from $5.5 million in 1860 to $44 million in 1900.^[34] The most notable manufacturer in the state was the chemical company DuPont, which to this day is heavily credited with making the state what it is today in many ways.^[35] Because of Wilmington's growth, local politicians from the city and New Castle County pressured the state government to adopt a new constitution providing the north with more representation. However, the subsequent 1897 constitution did not proportionally represent the north and continued to give the southern counties disproportionate influence.^[36]

As manufacturing expanded, businesses became major players in state affairs and funders of politicians through families such as the Du Ponts. Republican John Addicks attempted to buy a US Senate seat multiple times in a rivalry with the Du Ponts until the passage of the 17th Amendment.^[37] The allegiance of industries with the Republican party allowed them to gain control of the state's governorship throughout most of the 20th century. The GOP ensured black people could vote because of their general support for Republicans and thus undid restrictions on Black suffrage.^[38]

Delaware benefited greatly from World War I because of the state's large gunpowder industry. DuPont, the most dominant business in the state by WWI, produced an estimated 40% of all gunpowder used by the Allies during the war. It produced nylon in the state after the war and began investments into General Motors.^[39] Additionally, the company invested heavily in the expansion of public schools in the state and colleges such as the University of Delaware in the 1910s and 1920s. This included primary and secondary schools for Black people and women.^[40] Delaware suffered less during the Great Depression than other states, but the depression spurred further migration from the rural south to urban areas.^[41]

World War II to present

Like in World War I, the state enjoyed a big stimulus to its gunpowder and shipyard industries in World War II. New job opportunities during and after the war in the Wilmington area coaxed Black people from the southern counties to move to the city. The proportion of blacks constituting the city's population rose from 15% in 1950 to over 50% by 1980.^[42] The surge of Black migrants to the north sparked white flight, in which middle class whites moved from the city to suburban areas, leading to de facto segregation of Northern Delaware's society. In the 1940s and 1950s, Delaware attempted to integrate its schools, although the last segregated school in the state did not close until 1970.^[43] The University of Delaware admitted its first black student in 1948, and local courts ruled that primary schools had to be integrated. Delaware's integration efforts partially inspired the US Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which found racial segregation in United States public schools to be unconstitutional.^[44] The result of the Brown ruling was that Delaware became fully integrated, albeit with time and much effort.

In October 1954, the city of Milford became the scene of one of the country's first pro-segregation boycotts after eleven Black students were enrolled in the previously all-white Milford High School. Mass protests continued in Milford; the school board eventually ceded to the protestors, expelling the Black students.^[45][46][47] The ensuing unrest, which included cross burnings, rallies, and pro-segregation demonstrations, contributed to desegregation in most of Southern Delaware being delayed for another ten years. Sussex County did not start closing or integrating its segregated schools until 1965, 11 years after the Brown ruling.^[48] Throughout the state, integration only encouraged more white flight, and poor economic conditions for the black population led to some violence during the 1960s. Riots broke out in Wilmington in 1967 and again in 1968 in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, after which the National Guard occupied the city for nine months to prevent further violence.^[49]

Since WWII, the state has been generally economically prosperous and enjoyed relatively high per capita income because of its location between major cities like Philadelphia, New York, and Washington, DC.^[50] Its population grew rapidly, particularly in the suburbs in the north where New Castle county became an extension of the Philadelphia metropolitan area.^[51] Americans, including migrants from Puerto Rico, and immigrants from Latin America flocked to the state. By 1990, only 50% of Delaware's population consisted of natives to the state.^[52]

Main articles: Twelve-Mile Circle, Wedge (border), Mason–Dixon Line, and Transpeninsular Line

See also: "Counties" section below

The Twelve-Mile Circle

Map of Delaware

Sunset in Woodbrook, Delaware

The Blackbird Pond on the Blackbird State Forest Meadows Tract in New Castle County, Delaware

A field north of Fox Den Road along the Lenape Trail in Middle Run Valley Natural Area

Delaware is 96 miles (154 km) long and ranges from 9 to 35 miles (14 to 56 km) across, with a land area of 1,982 square miles (5,130 km²)^[53] and a total area of 2,489 square miles (6,450 km²),^[54] making it the second-smallest state by either metric in the United States after Rhode Island. Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania; to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey, and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and south by Maryland. Small portions of Delaware are also situated on the eastern side of the Delaware River sharing land boundaries with New Jersey. The state of Delaware, together with the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland and two counties of Virginia, form the Delmarva Peninsula, which stretches down the Mid-Atlantic Coast.

The definition of the northern boundary of the state is unusual. Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania was originally defined by an arc extending 12 miles (19.3 km) from the cupola of the courthouse in the city of New Castle.^[55] This boundary is often referred to as the Twelve-Mile Circle.^{[lower-alpha 3]} Although the Twelve-Mile Circle is often claimed to be the only territorial boundary in the U.S. that is a true arc, the Mexican boundary with Texas includes several arcs,^[56] and many cities in the South (such as Plains, Georgia)^[57] also have circular boundaries.

This border extends all the way east to the low-tide mark on the New Jersey shore, then continues south along the shoreline until it again reaches the 12-mile (19 km) arc in the south; then the boundary continues in a more conventional way in the middle of the main channel (thalweg) of the Delaware River.

On the west, Delaware and Maryland are mostly separated by a line running from the midpoint of the Transpeninsular Line, going slightly west of due north up to its tangent point on the Twelve-Mile Circle. The border follows the Circle for a short distance and then continues in a straight line due north until reaching the southern border of Pennsylvania.^[58] The Wedge of land between the northwest part of the arc and the Maryland border was claimed by both Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921, when Delaware's claim was confirmed.

Topography

Delaware is on a level plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation.^[59] Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, is less than 450 feet (140 m) above sea level.^[59] The northernmost part of the state is part of the Piedmont Plateau with hills and rolling surfaces.

The Atlantic Seaboard fall line approximately follows the Robert Kirkwood Highway between Newark and Wilmington; south of this road is the Atlantic Coastal Plain with flat, sandy, and, in some parts, swampy ground.^[60] A ridge about 75 to 80 feet (23 to 24 m) high extends along the western boundary of the state and separates the watersheds that feed Delaware River and Bay to the east and the Chesapeake Bay to the west.

Climate

Further information: Climate change in Delaware

The Köppen climate classification for Delaware

Since almost all of Delaware is a part of the Atlantic coastal plain, the effects of the ocean moderate its climate. The state lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) zone. Despite its small size (roughly 100 miles (160 km) from its northernmost to southernmost points), there is significant variation in mean temperature and amount of snowfall between Sussex County and New Castle County. Moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, the southern portion of the state has a milder climate and a longer growing season than the northern portion of the state.

Summers are long, hot, and humid in Delaware, often with intense (but brief) late day thundershowers. Delaware averages 2,300 hrs of sunshine annually (higher than the USA average). Winters are modestly cool to cold in northern Delaware, and cool to mild in southern Delaware. The normal seasonal snowfall ranges from about 20.0 inches in Wilmington to only 10.0 inches in Lewes. In many winters no snow will fall in coastal Delaware. Northern Delaware falls into USDA Garden Zone 7a, while southern and coastal areas fall into USDA zone 7b and 8a. The milder climate in southern Delaware allows for subtropical flora such as the windmill palm, needle palm, and dwarf palmetto.

Delaware's all-time record high of 110 °F (43 °C) was recorded at Millsboro on July 21, 1930. The all-time record low of −17 °F (−27 °C) was also recorded at Millsboro, on January 17, 1893. The hardiness zones are 7B and 8A at the Delaware Beaches.

Environment

The transitional climate of Delaware supports a wide variety of vegetation. In the northern third of the state are found Northeastern coastal forests and mixed oak forests typical of the northeastern United States.^[61] In the southern two-thirds of the state are found Middle Atlantic coastal forests.^[61] Trap Pond State Park, along with areas in other parts of Sussex County, for example, support the northernmost stands of bald cypress trees in North America.

Environmental management

Delaware provides government subsidy support for the clean-up of property "lightly contaminated" by hazardous waste, the proceeds for which come from a tax on wholesale petroleum sales.^[62]

Further information: List of Delaware municipalities and List of counties in Delaware

Wilmington is the state's most populous city (70,635) and its economic hub. It is located within commuting distance of both Philadelphia and Baltimore. Dover is the state capital and the second most populous city (38,079).

Counties

• Kent
• New Castle
• Sussex

Cities

• Delaware City
• Dover
• Harrington
• Lewes
• Middletown
• Milford
• New Castle
• Newark
• Rehoboth Beach
• Seaford
• Wilmington

Towns

• Bellefonte
• Bethany Beach
• Bethel
• Blades
• Bowers
• Bridgeville
• Camden
• Cheswold
• Clayton
• Dagsboro
• Delmar
• Dewey Beach
• Ellendale
• Elsmere
• Farmington
• Felton
• Fenwick Island
• Frankford
• Frederica
• Georgetown
• Greenwood
• Hartly
• Henlopen Acres
• Houston
• Kenton
• Laurel
• Leipsic
• Little Creek
• Magnolia
• Millsboro
• Millville
• Milton
• Newport
• Ocean View
• Odessa
• Selbyville
• Slaughter Beach
• Smyrna
• South Bethany
• Townsend
• Viola
• Woodside
• Wyoming

Villages

• Arden
• Ardencroft
• Ardentown

Unincorporated places

• Bear
• Brookside
• Christiana
• Clarksville
• Claymont
• Dover Base Housing
• Edgemoor
• Glasgow
• Greenville
• Gumboro
• Harbeson
• Highland Acres
• Hockessin
• Kent Acres
• Lincoln City
• Long Neck
• Marshallton
• Mount Pleasant
• North Star
• Oak Orchard
• Omar
• Pennyhill
• Pike Creek
• Pike Creek Valley
• Rising Sun-Lebanon
• Riverview
• Rodney Village
• Roxana
• Saint Georges
• Sandtown
• Stanton
• Wilmington Manor
• Wooddale
• Woodland
• Woodside East
• Yorklyn

• 
  Dover
• 
  Newark
• 
  Seaford
• 
  Wilmington

The table below lists the ten largest municipalities in the state based on the 2020 United States census.^[63]

Largest cities or towns in Delaware 2020 U.S. Census populations
	Rank	Name	County	Pop.
Wilmington Dover	1	Wilmington	New Castle	70,898	Newark Middletown
	2	Dover	Kent	39,403
	3	Newark	New Castle	30,601
	4	Middletown	New Castle	23,192
	5	Bear	New Castle	23,060
	6	Glasgow	New Castle	15,288
	7	Brookside	New Castle	14,974
	8	Hockessin	New Castle	13,478
	9	Smyrna	Kent, New Castle	12,883
	10	Pike Creek Valley	New Castle	11,692

See also: Largest municipalities in Delaware

The population density map for Delaware

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1790	59,096		—
1800	64,273		8.8%
1810	72,674		13.1%
1820	72,749		0.1%
1830	76,748		5.5%
1840	78,085		1.7%
1850	91,532		17.2%
1860	112,216		22.6%
1870	125,015		11.4%
1880	146,608		17.3%
1890	168,493		14.9%
1900	184,735		9.6%
1910	202,322		9.5%
1920	223,003		10.2%
1930	238,380		6.9%
1940	266,505		11.8%
1950	318,085		19.4%
1960	446,292		40.3%
1970	548,104		22.8%
1980	594,338		8.4%
1990	666,168		12.1%
2000	783,600		17.6%
2010	897,934		14.6%
2020	989,948		10.2%
2023 (est.)	1,031,890		4.2%
Source: 1910–2020[64]

The United States Census Bureau determined that the population of Delaware was 989,948 on April 1, 2020,^[65] an increase from the 2010 census figure of 897,934.^[66][67]

Delaware's history as a border state has led it to exhibit characteristics of both the Northern and the Southern regions of the United States. Generally, the rural Southern (or "Slower Lower") regions of Delaware below the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal embody a Southern culture,^[68][69] while densely-populated Northern Delaware above the canal—particularly Wilmington, a part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area—has more in common with that of the Northeast and the North.^[70] The U.S. Census Bureau designates Delaware as one of the South Atlantic States,^[12] but it is commonly associated with the Mid-Atlantic States or northeastern United States by other federal agencies, the media, and some residents.^{[71][72][73][74][75][76]}

Delaware is the sixth most densely populated state, with a population density of 442.6 people per square mile, 356.4 per square mile more than the national average, and ranking 45th in population. Delaware is one of five U.S. states (Maine, Vermont, West Virginia, Wyoming) that do not have a single city with a population over 100,000 as of the 2010 census.^[77] The center of population of Delaware is in New Castle County, in the town of Townsend.^[78]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,369 homeless people in Delaware.^[79][80]

Race and ethnicity

Ethnic origins in Delaware

According to the 2010 United States census, the racial composition of the state was 68.9% White American (65.3% Non-Hispanic White, 3.6% White Hispanic), 21.4% Black or African American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.2% Asian American, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 3.4% some other race, and 2.7% of multiracial origin. People of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race, made up 8.2% of the population.^[81]

The 2022 American Community Survey estimated the state had a racial and ethnic makeup of 60.6% non-Hispanic whites, 23.6% Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian or Alaska Native, 4.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.9% multiracial, and 10.1% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.^[82]

In the Native American community, the state has a Native American group, called in their own language Lenape, which was influential in the colonial period of the United States and is today headquartered in Cheswold, Kent County, Delaware.^[83] A band of the Nanticoke tribe of American Indians today resides in Sussex County and is headquartered in Millsboro, Sussex County, Delaware.^[84]

Delaware's population mainly consisted of people from the British Isles, African slaves, Germans and a few remaining Native Americans during the colonial era. Irish, Germans, Italians, Poles, and Russian Jewish immigrants were attracted by the industries in the Wilmington area. In the late 20th century a Puerto Rican community formed in Wilmington. Guatemalan people migrated to Sussex county to work in Delaware's poultry industry. A group of Native Americans in Delaware of mixed ethnicity, the Moors, live in Cheswold. The descendants of the Nanticoke people live around Millsboro. There is also a small numbers of Asians in New Castle county who work as scientific and engineering professionals.^[85]

Delaware racial breakdown of population

Racial composition	1990[86]	2000[87]	2010[88]	2020[89]
White	80.3%	74.6%	68.9%	60.4%
Black	16.9%	19.2%	21.4%	22.1%
Asian	1.4%	2.1%	3.2%	4.3%
Native	0.3%	0.4%	0.5%	0.5%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	–	–	–	-
Other race	1.1%	2.0%	3.4%	4.9%
Two or more races	–	1.7%	2.7%	7.7%

The top countries of origin for Delaware's immigrants in 2018 were Mexico, India, Guatemala, China, and Jamaica.^[90]

Birth data

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race	2013[91]	2014[92]	2015[93]	2016[94]	2017[95]	2018[96]	2019[97]	2020[98]	2021[99]	2022[100]
White:	7,204 (66.5%)	7,314 (66.7%)	7,341 (65.7%)	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
> Non-Hispanic White	5,942 (54.8%)	5,904 (53.8%)	5,959 (53.4%)	5,827 (53.0%)	5,309 (48.9%)	5,171 (48.7%)	5,024 (47.6%)	4,949 (47.6%)	5,042 (48.1%)	5,035 (46.6%)
Black	3,061 (28.3%)	2,988 (27.2%)	3,134 (28.1%)	2,832 (25.7%)	2,818 (26.0%)	2,773 (26.1%)	2,804 (26.5%)	2,722 (26.2%)	2,711 (25.9%)	2,853 (26.4%)
Asian	541 (5.0%)	644 (5.9%)	675 (6.1%)	627 (5.7%)	646 (6.0%)	634 (6.0%)	624 (5.9%)	617 (5.9%)	538 (5.1%)	553 (5.1%)
Native American	25 (0.2%)	26 (0.2%)	16 (0.1%)	13 (0.1%)	23 (0.2%)	10 (0.1%)	18 (0.2%)	18 (0.2%)	12 (0.1%)	10 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race)	1,348 (12.4%)	1,541 (14.0%)	1,532 (13.7%)	1,432 (13.0%)	1,748 (16.1%)	1,710 (16.1%)	1,737 (16.4%)	1,768 (17.0%)	1,826 (17.4%)	1,996 (18.5%)
Total Delaware	10,831 (100%)	10,972 (100%)	11,166 (100%)	10,992 (100%)	10,855 (100%)	10,621 (100%)	10,562 (100%)	10,392 (100%)	10,482 (100%)	10,816 (100%)

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Languages

In 2000, 91% of Delaware residents of age 5 and older spoke only English at home; 5% spoke Spanish. French was the third most spoken language, used by 0.7% of the population, followed by Chinese (0.5%) and German (0.5%). Legislation has been proposed in both the House and the Senate in Delaware to designate English as the official language.^[101][102] Neither bill was passed in the legislature.

Sexual orientation

A 2012 Gallup poll found that Delaware's proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults stood at 3.4% of the population. This constitutes a total LGBT adult population estimate of 23,698 people. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 stood at 2,646. This grew by 41.65% from a decade earlier.^{[103][not specific enough to verify]} On July 1, 2013, same-sex marriage was legalized, and all civil unions were converted into marriages.^{[104][better source needed]}

Religion

Religion in Delaware per the Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Atlas survey^{[lower-alpha 4][105]}

  Protestantism (34%)

  Catholicism (23%)

  Jehovah's Witness (2%)

  Eastern Orthodoxy (1%)

  Unaffiliated (33%)

  Judaism (3%)

  Hinduism (1%)

  New Age (1%)

  Other (2%)

The predominant religion practiced in Delaware is Christianity. A 2014 estimate by the Pew Research Center found that members of Protestant churches accounted for almost half of the population,^[106] though the Roman Catholic Church was the largest single denomination in the state. By 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 61% of the population was Christian.^[107] In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute's survey revealed 60% were Christian, followed by Jews (3%), Hindus (1%), and New Agers (1%).^[108]

The Association of Religion Data Archives reported in 2010 that the three largest Christian denominational groups in Delaware by number of adherents are the Catholic Church at 182,532 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 53,656 members reported, and non-denominational evangelical Protestants, who numbered 22,973.^[109] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported the largest Christian denominations were the Catholic Church with 197,094; non-denominational Protestants with 49,392, and United Methodists with 39,959.^[110]

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington and the Episcopal Diocese of Delaware oversee the parishes within their denominations. The A.U.M.P. Church, the oldest African-American denomination in the nation, was founded in Wilmington. It still has a substantial presence in the state. Reflecting new immigrant populations, an Islamic mosque has been built in the Ogletown area, and a Hindu temple in Hockessin.

Delaware is home to an Amish community which resides west of Dover in Kent County, consisting of nine church districts and about 1,650 people. The Amish first settled in Kent County in 1915. In recent years, increasing development has led to the decline in the number of Amish living in the community.^{[111][112][113]}

A 2012 survey of religious attitudes in the United States found that 34% of Delaware residents considered themselves "moderately religious", 33% "very religious", and 33% as "non-religious".^[114] At the 2014 Pew Research survey, 23% of the population were irreligious; the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's survey determined 31% of the population were irreligious.^[107] In 2022, the same study showed 33% of the population as irreligious.^[108]

See also: Economy of Delaware and Delaware locations by per capita income

For taxes, see § Taxation.

Affluence

Average sale price for new and existing homes (in U.S. dollars)^[115]

DE County	March 2010	March 2011
New Castle	229,000	216,000
Sussex	323,000	296,000
Kent	186,000	178,000

According to a 2020 study by Kiplinger, Delaware had the 17th most millionaires per capita in the United States; altogether, there were 25,937 such individuals. The median income for Delaware households as of 2020 was $64,805.^[116][117]

Agriculture

Picking Peaches in Delaware, an illustration in an 1878 issue of Harper's Weekly

Delaware's agricultural output consists of poultry, nursery stock, soybeans, dairy products and corn.

Industries

As of October 2019^[update], the state's unemployment rate was 3.7%.^[118]

The state's largest employers are:^{[citation needed]}

• government (State of Delaware, New Castle County)
• education (University of Delaware, Delaware Technical Community College)
• banking (Bank of America, M&T Bank, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank)
• chemical, pharmaceutical, technology (DuPont de Nemours Inc., AstraZeneca, Syngenta, Agilent Technologies)
• healthcare (ChristianaCare (Christiana Hospital), Bayhealth Medical Center, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware)
• farming, specifically chicken farming in Sussex County (Perdue Farms, Mountaire Farms, Allen Family Foods)
• retail (Walmart, Walgreens, Acme Markets)

Industrial decline

Since the mid-2000s, Delaware has seen the departure of the state's automotive manufacturing industry (General Motors Wilmington Assembly and Chrysler Newark Assembly), the corporate buyout of a major bank holding company (MBNA), the departure of the state's steel industry (Evraz Claymont Steel), the bankruptcy of a fiber mill (National Vulcanized Fiber),^[119] and the diminishing presence of AstraZeneca in Wilmington.^[120][121]

In late 2015, DuPont announced that 1,700 employees, nearly a third of its footprint in Delaware, would be laid off in early 2016.^[122] The merger of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. and Dow Chemical Company into DowDuPont took place on September 1, 2017.^{[123][124][125][126]}

Incorporation in Delaware

Main article: Delaware General Corporation Law

More than half of all U.S. publicly traded companies, and 63% of the Fortune 500, are incorporated in Delaware.^[127] The state's attractiveness as a corporate haven is largely because of its business-friendly corporation law. Franchise taxes on Delaware corporations supply about a fifth of the state's revenue.^[128] Although "USA (Delaware)" ranked as the world's most opaque jurisdiction on the Tax Justice Network's 2009 Financial Secrecy Index,^[129] the same group's 2011 Index ranks the U.S. fifth and does not specify Delaware.^[130] In Delaware, there are more than a million registered corporations,^[131] meaning there are more corporations than people.

Food and drink

Title 4, chapter 7 of the Delaware Code stipulates that alcoholic liquor be sold only in specifically licensed establishments, and only between 9:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m.^[132] Until 2003, Delaware was among the several states enforcing blue laws and banned the sale of liquor on Sunday.^[133]

Newspapers

Two daily newspapers are based in Delaware, the Delaware State News, based in Dover and covering the two southern counties, and The News Journal covering Wilmington and northern Delaware. The state is also served by several weekly, monthly and online publications.

Television

No standalone television stations are based solely in Delaware. The northern part of the state is served by network stations in Philadelphia and the southern part by network stations in Salisbury, Maryland. Philadelphia's ABC affiliate, WPVI-TV, maintains a news bureau in downtown Wilmington. Salisbury's CBS affiliate, WBOC-TV, maintains bureaus in Dover and Milton. Three Philadelphia-market stations—PBS member WHYY-TV, Ion affiliate WPPX, and MeTV affiliate WDPN-TV—all have Wilmington as their city of license, but maintain transmitters at the market antenna farm in Roxborough, Philadelphia and do not produce any Delaware-centric programming.

Radio

Main article: List of radio stations in Delaware

There are a numerous radio stations licensed in Delaware. WDDE 91.1 FM, WDEL 1150AM, WHGE-LP 95.3 FM, WILM 1450 AM, WVCW 99.5, WMPH 91.7 FM, WSTW 93.7 FM, WTMC 1380 AM and WWTX 1290AM are licensed from Wilmington. WRDX 92.9 FM is licensed from Smyrna. WDOV 1410AM, WDSD 94.7 FM and WRTX 91.7 FM are licensed from Dover.

Rehoboth Beach, a popular vacation spot during the summer months

Fort Delaware State Park on Pea Patch Island, a popular spot during the spring and summer; a ferry takes visitors to the fort from nearby Delaware City.

Delaware is home to First State National Historical Park, a National Park Service unit composed of historic sites across the state including the New Castle Court House, Green, and Sheriff's House, Dover Green, Beaver Valley, Fort Christina, Old Swedes' Church, John Dickinson Plantation, and the Ryves Holt House.^[134] Delaware has several museums, wildlife refuges, parks, houses, lighthouses, and other historic places.

Rehoboth Beach, together with the towns of Lewes, Dewey Beach, Bethany Beach, South Bethany, and Fenwick Island, comprise Delaware's beach resorts. Rehoboth Beach often bills itself as "The Nation's Summer Capital" because it is a frequent summer vacation destination for Washington, D.C., residents as well as visitors from Maryland, Virginia, and in lesser numbers, Pennsylvania. Vacationers are drawn for many reasons, including the town's charm, artistic appeal, nightlife, and tax-free shopping. According to SeaGrant Delaware, the Delaware beaches generate $6.9 billion annually and over $711 million in tax revenue.^[135]

Delaware is home to several festivals, fairs, and events. Some of the more notable festivals are the Riverfest held in Seaford, the World Championship Punkin Chunkin formerly held at various locations throughout the state since 1986, the Rehoboth Beach Chocolate Festival, the Bethany Beach Jazz Funeral to mark the end of summer, the Apple Scrapple Festival held in Bridgeville, the Clifford Brown Jazz Festival in Wilmington, the Rehoboth Beach Jazz Festival, the Sea Witch Halloween Festival and Parade in Rehoboth Beach, the Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival, the Nanticoke Indian Pow Wow in Oak Orchard, Firefly Music Festival, and the Return Day Parade held after every election in Georgetown.

In 2015, tourism in Delaware generated $3.1 billion, which makes up five percent of the state's GDP. Delaware saw 8.5 million visitors in 2015, with the tourism industry employing 41,730 people, making it the 4th largest private employer in the state. Major origin markets for Delaware tourists include Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York City, Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, with 97% of tourists arriving to the state by car and 75% of tourists coming from a distance of 200 miles (320 km) or less.^[136]

Delaware is also home to two large sporting venues. Dover Motor Speedway is a race track in Dover, and Frawley Stadium in Wilmington is the home of the Wilmington Blue Rocks, a Minor League Baseball team that is currently affiliated with the Washington Nationals.

The University of Delaware in Newark

In the early 1920s, Pierre S. du Pont served as president of the state board of education. At the time, state law prohibited money raised from white taxpayers from being used to support the state's schools for black children. Appalled by the condition of the black schools, du Pont donated four million dollars to construct 86 new school buildings.^[137]

Delaware was the origin of Belton v. Gebhart (1952), one of the four cases which were combined into Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court of the United States decision that led to the end of officially segregated public schools. Significantly, Belton was the only case in which the state court found for the plaintiffs, thereby ruling that segregation is unconstitutional.

Unlike many states, Delaware's educational system is centralized in a state Superintendent of Education, with local school boards retaining control over taxation and some curriculum decisions. This centralized system, combined with the small size of the state, likely contributed to Delaware becoming the first state, after completion of a three-year, $30 million program ending in 1999, to wire every K-12 classroom in the state to the Internet.^[138]

As of 2011^[update], the Delaware Department of Education had authorized the founding of 25 charter schools in the state, one of them being all-girls.^[139]

All teachers in the State's public school districts are unionized.^[140] As of January 2012^[update], none of the State's charter schools are members of a teachers union.^[140] One of the State's teachers' unions is Delaware State Education Association (DSEA).^[140]

Colleges and universities

• Delaware College of Art and Design
• Delaware State University
• Delaware Technical & Community College
• Goldey-Beacom College
• University of Delaware—Ranked 63rd in the U.S. and in top 201–250 in the world (Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2018)
• Widener University School of Law
• Wilmington University

Delaware's license plate design, introduced in 1959, is the longest-running one in U.S. history.^[141]

The transportation system in Delaware is under the governance and supervision of the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT).^[142][143] Funding for DelDOT projects is drawn, in part, from the Delaware Transportation Trust Fund, established in 1987 to help stabilize transportation funding; the availability of the Trust led to a gradual separation of DelDOT operations from other Delaware state operations.^[144] DelDOT manages programs such as a Delaware Adopt-a-Highway program, major road route snow removal, traffic control infrastructure (signs and signals), toll road management, Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles, the Delaware Transit Corporation (branded as "DART First State", the state government public transportation organization), and others.

In 2009, DelDOT maintained 13,507 lane-miles, totaling 89 percent of the state's public roadway system, the rest being under the supervision of individual municipalities. This far exceeds the national average (20 percent) for state department of transportation maintenance responsibility.^[145]

Roads

Further information: Delaware State Route System

Delaware Route 1 (DE 1) is a partial toll road linking Fenwick Island and Wilmington.

One major branch of the U.S. Interstate Highway System, Interstate 95 (I-95), crosses Delaware southwest-to-northeast across New Castle County. Two Auxiliary Interstate Highway routes are also located in the state. Interstate 495 (I-495) is an eastern bypass of Wilmington. Interstate 295 (I-295) is a bypass of Philadelphia which begins south of Wilmington. In addition to Interstate highways, there are six U.S. highways that serve Delaware: U.S. 9, U.S. 13, U.S. 40, U.S. 113, U.S. 202, and U.S. 301. There are also several state highways that cross the state of Delaware; a few of them include DE 1, DE 9, and DE 404. U.S. 13 and DE 1 are primary north–south highways connecting Wilmington and Pennsylvania with Maryland, with DE 1 serving as the main route between Wilmington and the Delaware beaches. DE 9 is a north–south highway connecting Dover and Wilmington via a scenic route along the Delaware Bay. U.S. 40 is a primary east–west route, connecting Maryland with New Jersey. DE 404 is another primary east–west highway connecting the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland with the Delaware beaches. The state also operates three toll highways, the Delaware Turnpike, which is I-95, between Maryland and New Castle; the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway, which is DE 1, between Wilmington and Dover; and the U.S. 301 toll road between the Maryland border and DE 1 in New Castle County.

A bicycle route, Delaware Bicycle Route 1, spans the north–south length of the state from the Maryland border in Fenwick Island to the Pennsylvania border north of Montchanin. It is the first of several signed bike routes planned in Delaware.^[146]

Delaware has about 875 bridges,^[147] 95 percent of which are under the supervision of DelDOT. About 30 percent of all Delaware bridges were built before 1950, and about 60 percent of the number are included in the National Bridge Inventory.^{[citation needed]} Some bridges not under DelDOT supervision includes the four bridges on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which are under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,^[148][149] and the Delaware Memorial Bridge, which is under the bi-state Delaware River and Bay Authority.^[150][151]

It has been noted that the tar and chip composition of secondary roads in Sussex County makes them more prone to deterioration than are the asphalt roadways in almost the rest of the state.^[152] Among these roads, Sussex (county road) 236 is among the most problematic.^[152]

Ferries

The Cape May–Lewes Ferry

Three ferries operate in the state of Delaware:

• Cape May–Lewes Ferry crosses the mouth of Delaware Bay between Lewes, Delaware and Cape May, New Jersey.
• Woodland Ferry (a cable ferry) crosses the Nanticoke River southwest of Seaford.
• Forts Ferry Crossing connects Delaware City with Fort Delaware and Fort Mott, New Jersey.

Rail and bus

Delaware passenger rail
Legend
Northeast Corridor to Philadelphia / New York Claymont NWK