1935 in science

The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• May 14 – Opening of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
• October 3 – Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.

Chemistry

• February 28–March 1 – Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gérard Berchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.^[1]
• April 13 – Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on the methodology of X-ray crystallography of insulin.^[2]
• Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.^[3]
• Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.^[4][5] It has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes.^[6][7][8]

Ecology

• English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.^[9][10]

Geology

• Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes.

History of science and technology

• American bacteriologist Hans Zinsser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.^[11]
• Cornish Engines Preservation Committee formed to conserve the Levant Mine beam engine in Cornwall, England.

Mathematics

• April 19 – Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.^[12]
• Octav Onicescu and Gheorghe Mihoc develop the notion of the "chain with complete links" in probability theory.^[13]
• George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.^[14]
• George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.^[15]

Pharmacology

• January 2 – IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.^[16]

Physics

• January 8 – A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
• February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;^[17] on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness.
• Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).^[18] Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.^[19]
• Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;^[20] they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.

Physiology and medicine

• January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
• May – The hormone testosterone is first isolated and named by a team at Organon in the Netherlands led by German scientist Ernst Laqueur.^[21] In August, the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol is achieved by Adolf Butenandt and Günther Hanisch.^[22] A week later, the Ciba group in Zurich, Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein, publish their synthesis of the hormone.^[23]
• Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy.
• First vaccine for yellow fever.
• German physician Karl Matthes develops the first two-wavelength ear O₂ saturation meter.^[24]

Technology

• January 24 – The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.^[25]
• June 12 – Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle file a United States patent for an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench.^[26]
• July 16 – The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.^{[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]}
• November 6
  • Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
  • First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.
• Callender-Hamilton bridge patented by A. M. Hamilton.
• Helical lobe rotary-screw compressor patented by Alf Lysholm of Ljungstroms Angturbin in Sweden.

Events

• September 16–21 – First Congress for the Unity of Science is held at the Sorbonne.^[35]

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – James Chadwick
  • Chemistry – Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
  • Medicine – Hans Spemann

Births

• January 26 – Andrew J. Stofan, American astronautical engineer.
• January 29 – Roger Payne (died 2023), American biologist and zoologist.^[36]
• February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee (died in accident 1967), American astronaut.^[37]
• February 27 – Anne Treisman, née Taylor (died 2018), English-born psychologist.
• April 11 – Kazys Almenas (died 2017), Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher.
• April 25 – Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.^[38]
• June 1 – Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta (died 2017), French-born mathematician.^[39][40]
• June 14 – Louise Hay, née Schmir (died 1989), French-born American mathematician.
• June 25 – Charles Sheffield (died 2002), English-born science fiction author and physicist.
• June 30 – Animesh Chakravorty, Bengali Indian academic, chemistry professor.
• July 2 – Sergei Khrushchev, Soviet, Russian and American control engineer (died 2020).^[41]
• July 7 – H. Franklin Bunn, American physician, hematologist and biochemist.
• July 12 – Satoshi Ōmura, Japanese biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[42]
• July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[43]
• August 3 – Georgy Shonin (died 1997), Ukrainian cosmonaut.
• August 26 – Karen Spärck Jones (died 2007), English computer scientist.
• September 11 – Gherman Titov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut.
• September 12 – Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize.
• September 19 – Milan Antal (died 1999), Slovak astronomer
• October 23 – JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist
• October 26 – Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (died 1990), American biomedical researcher.
• October 31 – Ronald Graham (died 2020), American mathematician.
• November 16 – Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.
• November 20 – Michael F. Ashby, English materials engineer.
• December 27 – Stephan Tanneberger (died 2018), German oncologist, chemist.

Deaths

• February 15 – Bohuslav Brauner, Czech chemist (born 1855)^[44]
• March 7 – Mary Gage Day, American physician (born 1857)^[45]
• March 12 – Mihajlo Pupin (born 1858), Serbian American physicist.
• March 16 – John Macleod (born 1876), Scottish physician and physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[46]
• May 12 – Abraham Groves (born 1847), Canadian surgeon.
• May 21 – Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (born 1848)^[47]
• July 3 – André Citroën (born 1878), French automobile manufacturer.^[48]
• August 21 – Kintarô Okamura (born 1867), Japanese phycologist.
• September 19 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian rocket scientist (born 1857)^[49]
• September 28 – W. K. Dickson (born 1860), British cinematographic pioneer.^[50]
• December 4 – Charles Richet (born 1850), French physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[51]
• November 6 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), American paleontologist.
• November 21 – Agnes Pockels (born 1862), German chemist.^[52]
• December 10 – Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet (born 1892), English tank and vehicle designer (died in 1935 SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crash).
• December 12 – Charles Loomis Dana (born 1852), American neurologist.
• December 13 – Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1871)^[53]