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2010 Myanmar general election

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2010 Myanmar general election

General elections were held in Myanmar on 7 November 2010, in accordance with the new constitution, which was approved in a referendum held in May 2008. The election date was announced by the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) on 13 August.[2]

Quick Facts 330 of the 440 seats in the House of Representatives 221 seats needed for a majority 168 of the 224 seats in the House of Nationalities 113 seats needed for a majority, First party ...
2010 Myanmar general election
← 1990 7 November 2010 2015 →
330 of the 440 seats in the House of Representatives
221 seats needed for a majority
168 of the 224 seats in the House of Nationalities
113 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
  SNDP NUP
Leader Thein Sein Sai Ai Pao Tun Yi
Party USDP SNDP NUP
Leader's seat Zabuthiri (Pyithu) Did not stand Did not stand
Seats won 259 R / 129 N 18 R / 3 N 12 R / 5 N
  Fourth party Fifth party
  RNDP NDF
Leader Aye Maung Khin Maung Swe
Party RNDP NDF
Leader's seat Did not stand Did not stand
Seats won 9 R / 7 N 8 R / 4 N
Results of the election in the Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw. Includes by-elections up to December 2014.
Prime Minister before election

Thein Sein
USDP

 Elected President[1]

Thein Sein
USDP

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The elections were the fifth step of the seven-step "roadmap to democracy" proposed by the SPDC in 2003,[3][4] the sixth and seventh steps being the convening of elected representatives and the building of a modern, democratic nation, respectively.[5] However, the National League for Democracy boycotted the elections. The result was a sweeping victory for the Union Solidarity and Development Party, which won nearly 80% of seats contested across the upper and lower houses. The United Nations expressed concern about the fairness of the elections,[6] and western countries dismissed them as fraudulent.[7]

Due to the strict separation of powers in the constitution, members elected to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw were automatically disqualified from their seats if they accepted appointment to an executive or judicial body. As a result, many elected members elected were quickly disqualified from their seats after accepting appointment to bodies such as the Cabinet of Myanmar. By-elections to fill 48 vacancies left by such appointments as well as by resignations and deaths were held in April 2012.

Background

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Going into the elections, a debate emerged around whether Aung San Suu Kyi would be disqualified from contesting the elections under Article 59F of the new constitution, which banned from the Presidency any person whose spouse or children are foreign citizens.[8][9][10] The United Nations, members of ASEAN, and Western nations, however, insisted that the elections would not be credible without the participation of Suu Kyi.[11][12][13]

The National League for Democracy (NLD) had set a number of conditions for participating in the poll, including changes to the constitution to reduce the army's influence, international supervision for free and fair polls, and freeing all political prisoners including Suu Kyi.[14] Senior General Than Shwe, leader of the ruling military junta, has pledged to release political prisoners in an amnesty before the election, though he has not stated when this would occur.[15] On 11 August 2009, Suu Kyi was sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour over a trespass incident. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of eighteen months.[16] The NLD later announced they would not take part in the election due to the election laws.[17]

Key ministries including justice, defence and the interior will remain under the control of the military and under the 2008 constitution, a quarter of the 440 parliament seats will be reserved for the military officials.[18] People holding military positions are not permitted to contest the election;[19] as such, 20 members of the junta, including Prime Minister Thein Sein, retired from their posts to participate in the election.[20]

New election laws

The first of five election laws was announced in March 2010, concerning the creation of an election commission.[21] The Union Election Commission Law states that the military government will appoint all members of the commission and have the final say over the election results. Members of the commission must be "an eminent person, to have integrity and experience, to be loyal to the state and its citizens".[22] A 17-member election commission was later named, headed by a former military officer.[23]

The second law bans anyone currently serving a prison term from belonging to a political party, and therefore over 2,000 political prisoners will not be able to participate, possibly including Aung San Suu Kyi (depending on whether her house arrest is deemed to fall under the definition of "serving a prison term").[24][25] The Political Parties Registration Law also bars members of religious orders, members of insurgent groups 'as defined by the state' and foreigners from joining political parties.[26] This separation of Buddhism and politics is a long-standing feature of Myanmar politics, dating back to before independence, and was incorporated in the 1947 independence Constitution at the request of the monkhood.[27]

The other laws stipulate that anyone currently serving a prison term is barred from running or voting in the elections for the upper and lower houses.[28] A 224-member House of Nationalities will have 168 elected candidates and 56 nominated by the military chief, while the 440-member House of Representatives will have 330 elected civilians and 110 military representatives.[28] At the same time, the results of the 1990 elections were annulled as they did not comply with the new election laws.[29]

The new laws have been described as a "farce" by the Philippines[30] and a "mockery" by the United States.[31]

Political parties

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Perspective

Parties are required to have at least 1,000 members to participate in the election and had to register by 6 June. 40 parties have been approved by the Electoral Commission to contest the elections,[32] some of which are linked to ethnic minorities.[33]

The National League for Democracy, which overwhelmingly won the previous 1990 elections but were never allowed to take power, and the party's participation is restricted in this elections, decided not to participate. Nonetheless, some senior members have formed the National Democratic Force to contest the elections, claiming that a boycott would play into the hands of the government.[33]

The government has established the Union Solidarity and Development Party, the successor to the mass organisation Union Solidarity and Development Association, which claims to have around half the population as members. The National Unity Party, which contested the 1990 election as the main pro-government party and won 10 seats, has also registered to run. Reuters estimates that six parties in total are allied to the government.[33]

The new Democratic Party, established by Mya Than Than Nu, the daughter of former Prime Minister of Myanmar, U Nu and Nay Ye Ba Swe, the daughter of former Prime Minister Ba Swe, is aiming to take part in the election.[34][35] Mya Than Than Nu will run as General Secretary of the party.[36] Media coverage of the party has been banned by the military government.[37]

Another new party is being formed comprising members of a ceasefire group and a party that won seats in the 1990 elections. Five former members of the New Mon State Party (NMSP) and five members of Mon National Democratic Front (MNDF) together with five other Mon elites, who make up the new party, founded a 15-member committee and later announced that they are not going to participate in the upcoming election.[38]

The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy, a Shan political party that came second in the 1990 election, is participating in the election as the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party.[39][40]

The SPDC has not answered opposition calls to amend the 2008 constitution or state clearly how the electoral process will be managed and the terms that new political parties can organise.[41] In a speech to military retirees, Than Shwe said that the transition to a parliamentary system meant various parties with different opinions would appear, but he warned that the new parties should "avoid anything that leads to harming state interests".[42]

The constituencies available for contesting are 330 civilian seats in the House of Representatives (out of 440) and 168 civilian seats in the House of Nationalities (out of 224).[43] The remaining seats are designated for military officials and to be selected by the military chief.

During an East Asian summit in Vietnam, Foreign Minister Nyan Win confirmed Than Shwe would not be running in the election.[44]

Contesting political parties

  1. Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organisation (MKNSO)
  2. National Unity Party (NUP)
  3. Lahu National Development Party (LNDP)
  4. Kokang Democracy and Unity Party (KDUP)
  5. Pa-O National Organisation (PNO)
  6. Democratic Party (Myanmar) (DPM)
  7. Kayan National Party (KNP)
  8. Rakhine State National Force of Myanmar (RSNF)
  9. Kayin People's Party (KPP)
  10. Wa National Unity Party (WNUP)
  11. Ta'ang National Party (TPNP)
  12. All Mon Region Democracy Party (AMRDP)
  13. Democracy and Peace Party (DPP)
  14. Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP)
  15. United Democratic Party (UnitedDP)
  16. 888 Generation Student Youths (Union of Myanmar, 8GSY)
  17. Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics (UMNPF)
  18. National Political Alliances League (NPAL)
  19. Democratic Party for Myanmar New Society (DPMNS)
  20. Chin National Party (CNP)
  21. Wuntharnu NLD (Union of Myanmar, WNLD)
  22. Modern People Party (MPP)
  23. Union Democratic Party (UnionDP)
  24. Peace and Diversity Party (PDP)
  25. Chin Progressive Party (CPP)
  26. Inn National Progressive Party (INPP)
  27. Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP)
  28. Wa Democratic Party (WDP)
  29. Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party (PSDP)
  30. National Democratic Party for Development (NDPD)
  31. Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)
  32. Ethnic National Development Party (ENDP)
  33. Myanmar Democracy Congress (MDC)
  34. Mro National Party (MNP)
  35. Kaman National Progressive Party (KNPP)
  36. Khami National Development Party (KNDP)
  37. National Democratic Force (NDF)
  38. Regional Development Party (Pyay, RDPP)
  39. Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State (UDPKS)

Conduct

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Cancelled elections

Due to ongoing insurgent violence, elections were cancelled in parts of Mon State (4.08% of village-tracts), Shan State (10.69%), Kayah State (11.93%), Kachin State (16.60%), and Kayin State (47.25%).[45]

Violence

There have been concerns from aid agencies that the upcoming election could see a growing number of refugees fleeing to Thailand and China, due to alleged government repression, poverty and low-level ethnic conflict.[46] Ceasefires between the military government and ethnic groups were also deteriorating.[47]

In the run up to the election, there were several bomb blasts in Myanmar. A bomb attack on Myanmar New Year killed at least nine people in Yangon and injured many others, including the regional commander of the Myanma Army,[48][49] while a series of explosions were reported at a hydroelectric project being jointly built by a Chinese company in the north of the country, the latter thought to be the work of anti-government groups.[50][51]

International response

The United Nations has expressed concern about the fairness of the election[6] and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon expressed "grave concern" that Aung San Suu Kyi would not be released before the election and thus it would "lack credibility." He accused the government of being "slow and incomplete" to meet political commitments, and said it was "deeply frustrating" that the government would not hold talks with the "international community."[52]

The Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Jiang Yu, commented on the election during Than Shwe's visit to China. "The international community can provide constructive help [for the elections] and refrain from any negative impact on the domestic political process of Myanmar and on regional peace and stability."[53]

The following day, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke to the US Senate Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on State and Foreign Affairs where she mentioned that the trial against Aung San Suu Kyi was allegedly "baseless charges." She also added that the government was "continuing resistance to a free and open electoral process. If they stay on the track they're on, their elections in 2010 will be totally illegitimate and without any meaning in the international community." She admitted that "We are absolutely committed to trying to come up with an approach that might influence the regime. We are going to try to do our best to influence them to see that this repressive regime is not one that we should continue to support, and hopefully get a greater international base to take action against them." She claimed to have support from other countries, "I have been heartened by the response that we have received. I have spoken to a number of the foreign secretaries of ASEAN countries, who've issued strong statements." She added that she was working to get more support in the United Nations.[54]

UK Foreign Minister William Hague said that "holding flawed elections does not represent change."[7]

Monitors

Myanmar barred foreign observers and the international media from the election. The election commission chief, Thein Soe, did add, however, that diplomats and representatives from UN organisations in the country would be allowed to observe the election. He justified the decision saying "We are holding the election for this country. It's not for other countries ... We will have credibility after holding the election in front of all the people."[55]

Election day

The election was held amid tight security.[56] Initial reports pointed to a light turnout across the country, possibly as low as 20% in some areas, and the possibility of irregularities.[57][58] The Guardian reported that independent local observers were reporting "widespread voter intimidation and bribery" in the election.[57]

Results

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Perspective

On 11 November, state radio announced the results for 147 constituencies in the Lower House, with the USDP winning 133. The USDP won 81 of 86 races newly announced for the Upper House.[citation needed] The new and previously announced results show the USDP gained majorities in both houses of parliament: 190 out of the 219 (86%) seats announced for the 330-seat lower house, and 95 out of 107 (88%) seats announced for the 168-seat upper house.[59]

The Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won 80% of the seats that were up for election. The two largest opposition parties, the National Democratic Front and the Democratic Party conceded defeat; however, along with four other opposition parties, filed formal complaints about fraud with the election commission.[60]

The final results were announced by the Myanmar Union Election Commission on 17 November 2010.[61][62][63][64] Detailed results in English are available.[65][66]

House of Nationalities

168 of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) were up for election. The remaining 56 seats (25%) were not elected, and instead reserved for military appointees (taken from Tatmadaw personnel; officially known as "Army Representatives").

More information Party, Votes ...
PartyVotes%Seats
Union Solidarity and Development Party11,781,92058.08129
National Unity Party4,413,86921.765
National Democratic Force1,447,5607.144
Shan Nationalities Democratic Party514,1192.533
Rakhine Nationalities Development Party303,8421.507
Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics232,2491.140
88 Generation Student Youths (Union of Myanmar)192,1790.950
Democratic Party182,5440.900
All Mon Region Democracy Party172,8060.854
National Democratic Party for Development153,2730.760
Chin Progressive Party84,5620.424
Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party77,8250.383
Inn National Development Party75,2340.370
Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State70,6520.351
Kayin People's Party69,4020.341
Modern People's Party55,3630.270
Ta'ang National Party37,5010.181
Chin National Party37,4500.182
National Political Alliances34,6760.170
Kokang Democracy and Unity Party26,9500.130
Union Democratic Party26,4920.130
Wa Democratic Party23,5420.121
Kayan National Party22,4770.110
Kha Mee National Development Party21,4010.110
Peace and Diversity Party20,9090.100
Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organisation9,9950.050
United Democratic Party7,0180.030
Rakhine State National United Party6,5510.030
Ethnic National Development Party6,0050.030
Peace and Democracy Party5,7280.030
Kayin State Democracy and Development Party4,8460.021
National Development and Peace Party4,1360.020
Kaman National Progressive Party3,9690.020
Wa National Unity Party1,7030.010
Pa-O National Organisation[67]00.001
Independent157,4070.781
Military appointees56
Total20,286,155100.00224
Valid votes20,286,15593.40
Invalid/blank votes1,432,3876.60
Total votes21,718,542100.00
Registered voters/turnout28,416,37876.43
Source: UEC[68]
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By constituencies

More information Constituency, USDP ...
House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw) results by constituency
ConstituencyUSDPNUPNDFSNDPRNDPUMFNP88GSYDPAMRDPNDPDCPPPSDPINDPUDPKSKPPMPPTNPCNPNPAKDUPUDPWDPKNPKMNDPPDPMKNSOUDPRSNUPENDPPDPKSDDPNDPPKNPPWNUPPNOIndInvalidElectorate
Kachin No. 128,51052,3918,357137,102
Kachin No. 29,86414,2949,8482,90751,715
Kachin No. 37,1965,26093222,573
Kachin No. 44,0476,9531,10015,502
Kachin No. 516,1728,4198,5502,28163,614
Kachin No. 615,1766,4379,2421,94554,783
Kachin No. 731,54913,0562,08172,132
Kachin No. 837,60615,38216,400109,813
Kachin No. 913,8808,3234,2225,70258,897
Kachin No. 1015,25013,0012,83945,268
Kachin No. 1126,47426,0138,46172,353
Kachin No. 1219,55325,1071,09047,164
Kayah No. 123,2495,9954,12834,954
Kayah No. 220,8529,2315,19636,706
Kayah No. 311,6621,3871,65678017,656
Kayah No. 415,2551,1513,0201,25421,190
Kayah No. 53,3601,641715,072
Kayah No. 64,25091865,174
Kayah No. 713571143
Kayah No. 81,387220731,680
Kayah No. 94,6164212245,564
Kayah No. 103,3532051533,736
Kayah No. 113,003832033,564
Kayah No. 122,5472911453,127
Karen No. 120,44214,12525,6873,765102,419
Karen No. 223,18112,07022,0524,78594,362
Karen No. 312,0316,50016,7052,72552,867
Karen No. 43,29013,3814,8461,07030,698
Karen No. 52,7527751444,286
Karen No. 62,3972,19747610,030
Karen No. 77,14012,3741,56931,992
Karen No. 8Unopposed
Karen No. 915,36012,9572,49644,551
Karen No. 107,3615,44010,9131,09135,432
Karen No. 11Unopposed
Karen No. 12Unopposed
Chin No. 13,8489164,7851,26915612,233
Chin No. 24,0587665,23017312,250
Chin No. 38,07212,3701,34765225,693
Chin No. 44,6501,83110,4351,44823,623
Chin No. 56,4345,1471,2414,48646522,356
Chin No. 66,1043,6801,7615,64650621,466
Chin No. 75,5791,8914,69634213,470
Chin No. 86,8823,9681,1792,3922,10765520,137
Chin No. 95,2614,9836,3856,00588425,452
Chin No. 102,8991,3102,7151,13742810,163
Chin No. 113,4692,1118,4074,3041,86823,164
Chin No. 126,0751,5652,5465,7581,3671,70823,467
Sagaing No. 1146,93446,26726,85016,368347,467
Sagaing No. 2263,95966,61519,732483,197
Sagaing No. 3212,71865,92516,224406,393
Sagaing No. 4181,38169,63122,240409,986
Sagaing No. 5239,02342,73324,67413,785402,072
Sagaing No. 673,34465,32513,820215,535
Sagaing No. 7103,99168,53720,580246,399
Sagaing No. 8102,02063,00330,69514,108287,849
Sagaing No. 922,2478,84610,4972,16856,434
Sagaing No. 1034,07235,6604,11691,135
Sagaing No. 1131,09222,48518,0805,634116,742
Sagaing No. 1239,4108,63066954,457
Tanintharyi No. 111,2096,8866,4341,60135,384
Tanintharyi No. 215,8586,7227,8651,77239,697
Tanintharyi No. 337,09818,4432,57560,942
Tanintharyi No. 424,83016,4629432,40459,108
Tanintharyi No. 516,82915,47110,8483,75654,876
Tanintharyi No. 644,03217,4103,48077,707
Tanintharyi No. 728,94321,3173,28671,701
Tanintharyi No. 8Unopposed
Tanintharyi No. 946,54110,2732,39161,723
Tanintharyi No. 10Unopposed
Tanintharyi No. 1129,12515,2066,32275,323
Tanintharyi No. 1221,13310,2532,44136,706
Bago No. 188,40640,08426,49252,200284,466
Bago No. 299,35854,93410,758216,749
Bago No. 3114,02272,00517,316264,766
Bago No. 4107,24281,52017,689282,772
Bago No. 5128,04653,02717,4318,34912,750282,350
Bago No. 696,33868,8634,566218,583
Bago No. 781,05840,8308,983167,977
Bago No. 8136,32462,50049,47520,153333,008
Bago No. 9110,25044,68748,38917,673284,618
Bago No. 1083,28857,97914,740206,381
Bago No. 1192,77150,95336,15617,429250,936
Bago No. 1297,47745,60440,5749,342251,561
Magway No. 198,80811,40315,9688,9684,146181,281
Magway No. 2103,78830,89739,4338,557252,453
Magway No. 3111,50039,78832,8339,428254,808
Magway No. 479,14227,39621,8013,6722,8265,613173,293
Magway No. 5132,03852,73712,641228,625
Magway No. 6112,45564,05315,479226,330
Magway No. 7155,69374,25412,958259,495
Magway No. 8139,34457,39113,208240,022
Magway No. 9122,73456,55826,78112,968269,423
Magway No. 1096,85518,01217,8446,652166,536
Magway No. 11162,95928,05924,11511,425274,527
Magway No. 1263,90028,60929,34320,0777,225168,743
Mandalay No. 1120,41837,48282,81517,62315,944374,211
Mandalay No. 2136,33756,08994,35626,80514,00817,205492,664
Mandalay No. 3237,035131,22537,660540,637
Mandalay No. 4307,72233,68658,68010,694465,040
Mandalay No. 5221,61130,57323,66716,36212,035410,274
Mandalay No. 6235,40443,93911,253370,485
Mandalay No. 770,71121,82024,1778,568168,364
Mandalay No. 8238,39734,27817,9055,058332,350
Mandalay No. 9155,56146,65019,28412,290282,200
Mandalay No. 10307,27931,05312,46510,495394,437
Mandalay No. 11177,63927,10229,18310,390286,422
Mandalay No. 12148,59341,81636,90612,677279,201
Mon No. 121,58410,94213,9542,67567,460
Mon No. 225,32611,45111,8202,99762,466
Mon No. 320,2646,6205,22217,5557,516118,656
Mon No. 418,9846,93523,7502,82188,935
Mon No. 510,1877,81813,4394,13078,629
Mon No. 629,0185,65126,0661,853116,174
Mon No. 715,3497,03433,9636,500101,403
Mon No. 814,73516,6273,52549,222
Mon No. 919,70219,1773,29161,222
Mon No. 1024,89723,53321,3461,32793,179
Mon No. 1127,30221,3211,9273,98284,520
Mon No. 1225,60023,5525,27490,083
Rakhine No. 121,7572,89640,16424,5833,96911,117119,454
Rakhine No. 216,3507,65745,0026,7692,7576,58299,106
Rakhine No. 312,7579,71841,05714,9789,9953,7942,987105,145
Rakhine No. 416,7428,99929,8067,61270,332
Rakhine No. 522,28210,45844,73610,704112,859
Rakhine No. 626,66114,14957,4053,7105,401131,245
Rakhine No. 772,1772,07938,699981128,187
Rakhine No. 864,56430,8871,39615,350129,195
Rakhine No. 948,12044,12610,9222,74025,64017,342154,703
Rakhine No. 1024,63913,65328,6483,068107,197
Rakhine No. 1162,6107,75217,0245,180115,400
Rakhine No. 1254,06743,89410,922170,261
Yangon No. 1106,07430,406114,5485,72812,27816,169426,890
Yangon No. 2122,08637,32990,33327,26518,425438,638
Yangon No. 386,71317,90692,33811,53512,902325,531
Yangon No. 478,71420,34483,55827,35411,080360,527
Yangon No. 581,95023,70969,40724,6838,225313,358
Yangon No. 670,31718,08777,54117,8157,31312,401315,478
Yangon No. 7106,06932,67827,5927,663221,768
Yangon No. 8137,62838,66985,68915,683377,620
Yangon No. 9173,20838,83015,4617,33211,787298,298
Yangon No. 10116,68251,90339,01817,4488,53213,380366,909
Yangon No. 11146,23460,02561,10168,76122,303567,584
Yangon No. 12213,44371,80544,59015,803427,894
Shan No. 1244,251103,95975,23417,80128,139568,569
Shan No. 273,58615,89794,07116,846320,691
Shan No. 381,10514,27068,12026,95016,088299,617
Shan No. 489,31841,252123,45815,695370,216
Shan No. 565,72015,36147,87637,50115,549247,688
Shan No. 655,1883,2245,84217,2302,580139,302
Shan No. 779,49414,81441,22413,486192,146
Shan No. 832,27611,92430,2216,10992,318
Shan No. 9Unopposed
Shan No. 10Unopposed
Shan No. 11Unopposed
Shan No. 1223,5421,70386129,519
Ayeyarwady No. 1123,03354,11344,84517,161302,035
Ayeyarwady No. 2124,10083,80131,29118,448303,551
Ayeyarwady No. 3134,61083,37615,810286,550
Ayeyarwady No. 4210,60456,93325,264337,273
Ayeyarwady No. 5147,40332,5419,121208,467
Ayeyarwady No. 6105,64751,28919,108213,055
Ayeyarwady No. 7197,835125,39740,90927,907477,437
Ayeyarwady No. 8175,72165,35018,50525,282332,602
Ayeyarwady No. 9119,26094,50511,421281,182
Ayeyarwady No. 10156,48545,82717,63220,714332,298
Ayeyarwady No. 11141,04760,36311,89414,40212,37720,005328,980
Ayeyarwady No. 12176,215116,29674,05936,460500,940
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House of Representatives

325 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) were up for election after 5 seats in Shan State were cancelled.[69] The remaining 110 seats (25%) were not elected, and instead reserved for military appointees (taken from Tatmadaw personnel; officially known as "Army Representatives").

More information Party, Votes ...
PartyVotes%Seats
Union Solidarity and Development Party11,882,08758.40259
National Unity Party4,085,17420.0812
National Democratic Force1,476,8257.268
Shan Nationalities Democratic Party508,7802.5018
Rakhine Nationalities Development Party331,3081.639
Union of Myanmar Federation of National Politics262,2711.290
88 Generation Student Youths (Union of Myanmar)256,7331.260
All Mon Region Democracy Party181,2850.893
Democratic Party166,9340.820
National Democratic Party for Development153,6410.760
National Political Alliances Party90,2210.440
Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party82,0330.402
Chin Progressive Party76,4630.382
Kayin People's Party67,7640.331
Inn National Development Party52,1950.261
Ta'ang National Party46,6520.231
Chin National Party39,8140.202
Modern People's Party38,7370.190
United Democratic Party37,0050.180
Wa Democratic Party27,5460.142
Peace and Democracy Party26,8730.130
Kokang Democracy and Unity Party25,7310.130
Kayan National Party17,9350.090
Peace and Diversity Party12,8170.060
Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State11,1700.051
Wuntharnu NLD (Union of Myanmar)10,0550.050
Lahu National Development Party9,5650.050
Rakhine State National Force of Myanmar9,2810.050
Kaman National Progressive Party7,7420.040
Democratic Party for a New Society7,6720.040
Wa National Unity Party4,9400.020
Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organisation4,2920.020
Pa-O National Organisation[67]00.003
Independent335,7531.651
Cancelled5
Military appointees110
Total20,347,294100.00440
Valid votes20,347,29492.90
Invalid/blank votes1,555,9627.10
Total votes21,903,256100.00
Source: UEC[70]
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By constituencies

More information Constituency, USDP ...
House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw) results by constituency
ConstituencyUSDPNUPNDFSNDPRNDPUMFNP88GSYAMRDPDPNDPDNPAPPSDPCPPKPPINDPTNPCNPMPPUDPWDPPDPKDUPKNPPDPUDPKSWNLDLNDPRSNFMKNPPDPNSWNUPMKNSOPNOIndInvalid
Myitkyina41,92016,49814,5858,6107,470
Waingmaw12,65210,63610,6632,962
Tanai7,2604,7345691,007
Chipwi4,9573,181658
Tsawlaw1,0831,037221
Injangyang350507112
Mohnyin34,42213,32916,1564,696
Mogaung29,0805,8389,6482,459
Hpakant29,42621,6335,98313,255
Bhamo23,88317,5657,7776,582
Momauk10,5517,11310,7152,720
Mansi7,5956,1594,5932,774
Shwegu18,63116,6244,903
Puta-O20,2845,6711,538782
Machanbaw2,0662,512257
Nawngmun3,15363055
Sumprabum1,233858180
Khaunglanhpu3,3083,17788
Loikaw42,89315,17910,579
Demoso26,8692,8735,1921,231
Hpruso7,6172,53692
Shadaw1,56318474
Bawlakhe4,524449288
Hpasawng6,432249319
Mese2,603244136
Hpa-An45,19727,65445,3349,060
Hlaingbwe17,9558,05130,5404,028
Hpapun5,1852,959608
Thandaunggyi7,9231,61510,0331,439
MyawaddyUnopposed
Kawkareik23,22415,74913,3575,049
Kyainseikgyi8,6733,3721,066
Falam7,1221,0158,9753,716389
Hakha4,8071,50110,4001,648
Thantlang8,2951,47612,075605
Tedim12,4469,1922,29210,3201,223
Tonzang6,9485,055512
Mindat6,8774,0741,0562,4202,029712
Matupi8,4366,1987,910973
Kanpetlet3,2881,1302,3601,274441
Paletwa6,1292,3454,65012,6295,6444,2923,489
Sagaing91,01518,94014,49110,638
Myinmu22,63913,0265,1283,686
Myaung39,6219,8515,7902,396
Shwebo88,33224,6977,652
Khin-U60,54612,7663,416
Wetlet83,25211,3744,002
Kanbalu101,22318,3496,801
Kyunhla27,51014,3193,221
Ye-U36,37315,3664,214
Tabayin30,98313,1794,2215,840
Taze50,96610,2012,1104,476
Monywa75,71823,05722,0943,8211,92312,801
Budalin43,84713,4984,040
Ayadaw51,96716,1415,638
Chaung-U28,3435,66210,3372,769
Yinmabin41,43117,1265,906
Kani64,5355,2171,683
Salingyi43,72416,0582,507
Pale68,0714,3502,922
Katha29,77422,0022,250
1,265		5,615
Indaw21,17119,8065,708
Tigyaing22,48519,4803,279
Banmauk17,23810,7716,8625,411
Kawlin27,18412,19025,0114,314
Wuntho23,0558,9572,532
Pinlebu25,63419,6595,308
Kale49,57532,62929,71211,572
Kalewa12,97214,7411,324
Mingin42,71712,3281,839
Tamu23,4247,76710,1652,418
Mawlaik11,03211,5621,748
Paungbyin22,87023,4732,817
Hkamti9,0372,376741
Homalin23,13219,76217,1685,374
Lay Shi5,8271,163160
LaheUnopposed
Nanyun12,1897,445376
Dawei28,11911,81914,5313,931
Launglon37,62017,8192,591
Thayetchaung26,97014,9772,682
Yebyu17,45214,38811,0965,193
Myeik74,84336,7297,187
KyunsuUnopposed
Palaw47,2999,6272,370
Tanintharyi20,48219,1012,345
Kawthoung29,35014,4916,575
Bokepyin20,74610,2812,800
Bago88,26536,90630,96651,045
Thanatpin31,87917,7576,0165,827
Kawa62,19927,2789,6655,098
Waw43,56217,83311,3807,692
Nyaunglebin42,95623,1138,3522,3804,692
Kyauktaga58,08943,01311,38118,475
Daik-U44,77323,4628,8357,685
Shwegyin15,09117,7452,3942,916
Taungoo85,93235,5096,712
Yedashe54,18030,3528,5546,596
Kyaukkyi13,70628,4672,339
Phyu83,53627,8426,4827,087
Oktwin48,79219,2673,3795,736
Htantabin28,02216,2606,3421,582
Pyay60,40528,08621,98510,682
Paukkaung25,74220,9818,2125,029
Padaung51,11613,65416,3975,474
Paungde41,86917,67613,7616,738
Thegon31,50415,18418,5806,456
Shwedaung34,98010,92717,9435,201
Thayarwady42,47126,0823,151
Letpadan35,91519,3564,71512,7048,526
Minhla31,87512,1109,5078,430
Okpho36,97012,93611,3685,991
Zigon22,3476,4209,3051,831
Nattalin57,45526,4455,636
Monyo24,86113,8568,14817,9363,725
Gyobingauk27,20413,28519,1894,091
Magway106,90021,69416,25810,3684,832
Yenangyaung45,05711,51314,5909033,263
Chauk59,08118,88523,0808,531
Taungdwingyi76,89331,69917,4904,4496,976
Myothit46,98614,81212,6953,6192,559
Natmauk63,11825,09916,8737,970
Minbu63,35023,2268,5246,988
Pwintbyu62,50021,3275,6184,711
Salin57,35026,55140,0728,658
Ngape18,80411,302950
Sidoktaya18,8468,2701,328
Thayet50,84914,5782,6682,248
Kamma28,5225,79214,0621,617
Mindon25,8739,2465,5351,902
Minhla44,76231,6873,586
Sinbaungwe50,82518,9072,357
Aunglan83,21223,55523,3197,840
Pakokku105,58726,81719,12011,421
Yesagyo101,14613,86816,8305,878
Myaing109,1738,2608,9426,241
Pauk57,24615,55815,1145,499
Seikphyu24,53429,7772,568
Gangaw32,11610,59023,0512,6773,450
Tilin14,5456,8869,0251,527
Saw19,89411,51011,5242,312
Aungmyethazan41,69710,76135,4863,6976,514
Chanayethazan30,5916,55829,2876,6575,509
Mahaaungmyay30,6369,55124,8684,9437,6727,156
Chanmyathazi32,38117,51625,67211,8233,115
Pyigyidagun28,39210,20313,2265,7912,1795,636
Amarapura50,18019,87530,9698,287
Patheingyi49,30117,85418,5521,9761,9403,7615,461
Pyinoolwin77,44134,62613,449
Madaya55,16727,70118,61411,270
Singu34,81313,8937,4454,800
Mogok27,2897,05717,0557,335
Thabeikkyin31,07912,1486,0333,027
Kyaukse116,1787,97214,1700
Sintgaing52,2099,73113,1025,187
Myittha80,1836,82012,8446,8510
Tada-U69,0743,1808,7521,7502,823
Myingyan92,10311,36016,5999,7598,018
Taungtha122,1716,2043,1065,308
Natogyi98,4237,9204,329
Kyaukpadaung113,69734,7814,186
Ngazun42,86616,1584,031
Nyaung-U70,48621,91723,5089,351
Yamethin109,59918,5629,9808,248
Pyawbwe133,02919,3823,850
Zeyathiri60,5032,253897
Pobbathiri44,3054,6152,434
Ottarathiri26,8856,7341,581
Zabuthiri65,6206,2573,640
Dekkhinathiri13,3981,466479
Pyinmana73,02111,7079,7694,368
Tatkon106,8036,7174,4162,670
Lewe86,12927,65411,9269,145
Meiktila117,15223,28413,2424,895
Mahlaing61,8784,0576,5178,4725,376
Thazi69,93612,30518,4836,270
Wundwin74,28829,21016,25114,817
Mawlamyine47,14122,60425,9384,285
Kyaikmaraw18,9224,76717,1994,7154,4258,209
Chaungzon20,0396,27423,1833,065
Thanbyuzayat11,5855,62311,7892,5624,353
Mudon29,9004,1733,72624,8677,124
Ye15,9835,49434,6057,243
Thaton35,25334,8777,651
Paung35,96130,34711,676
Kyaikto26,87723,0354,708
Bilin26,77122,492539
Sittwe20,1682,48340,02314,9162,62111,83912,808
Ponnagyun10,5147,47527,6982,3986,485
Mrauk-U21,1399,55647,2237,587
Kyauktaw22,2884,03744,10414,96710,123
Minbya15,8178,35230,7728,218
Myebon10,0054,36715,18710,264
Pauktaw11,5515,88330,55014,388
Rathedaung16,6186,09229,79411,854
Maungdaw137,6915,11468,52322,543
Buthidaung51,98515,56447,80214,55818,031
Kyaukpyu14,6265,10322,9757,723
Munaung6,3204,5023,6066,160
3,640		3,878
Ramree20,16517,1334,535
Ann44,3135,7352,011
Thandwe16,2338,09510,2856,8835,1216,637
Toungup19,72310,8146,185
Gwa13,21911,1833,122
Insein57,19517,78919,50022,0994,7438,180
Mingaladon74,17025,73915,6126,2924,806
Hmawbi65,27814,55811,1515,0693,927
Hlegu81,62510,23413,8157,687
Taikkyi65,64036,22412,05415,5037,435
Htantabin37,23810,7758,4174,9083,666
Shwepyithar47,87113,60616,37427,4972,7457,948
Hlaingtharya54,84134,55844,3171,8307,56118,606
3,136
2,561		11,631
Thingangyun37,3706,63948,6032,8175,865
Yankin13,5874,26913,1765,348
South Okkalapa43,3344,52124,5293,6646,5855,677
North Okkalapa45,58410,31853,3965,81918,7392,337
Thaketa42,47111,45939,61814,5727,307
Dawbon14,7396,69712,1471,4301,700
Tamwe23,0327,79520,42415,1613,7474,9669
Pazundaung7,2451,1317,3352,5651,278
Botataung10,9028,0811,0861,094
Mingala Taungnyunt28,5664,29220,2575,4421,7173,409
Dagon Myothit (North)32,7367,88334,8004,3524,5755,300
Dagon Myothit (East)27,3079,25220,6532,649
Dagon Myothit (South)61,87514,34646,8289,6008,342
Dagon Myothit (Seikkan)20,1197,5548,7423,086
Thanlyin59,92115,42129,0514,2205,494
Kyauktan31,73811,36630,9966,585
Thongwa45,27716,46015,5334,197
Kayan63,97912,5099,3885604,185
Twante74,58913,4833,7979,8026,666
Kungyangon57,7315,3043,6391,825
Kawhmu42,17613,9444,7571,6383,215
Dala33,4605,86611,0337,0533,5222,5754,565
Seikkyi Kanaungto8,7019424,283729
Cocokyun6531226
Kyauktada4,6681,2354,0658641,108119418850
Latha3,4871,3095,289726
Pabedan5,4477944,2611,9912581,562848
Ahlone8,8991,94913,6831,3608051,146
Lanmadaw4,3331,5786,8307471,145335
254		1,107
Kyimyindaing19,2254,28014,9206,1829662,941
Sanchaung12,2862,93813,7132,9395,1621,944
Kamayut9,1432,2408,9711,5258466,2372,097
Hlaing24,2384,99317,9215,2558,270
2,167		4,383
Mayangone41,1838,92523,3059,4883,5242,436
Bahan15,7693,09914,7865,0522,069
Dagon6,6081,1283,473443
Seikkan1,0249739263
Taunggyi76,98331,41523,16533,33811,280
HopongUnopposed
Nyaungshwe30,0487,23952,1955,471
Hsi HsengUnopposed
Kalaw52,54327,8484,472
Pindaya26,45910,9012,998
Ywangan9,5022,62423,9224,212
Lawksawk46,82115,5455,541
PinlaungUnopposed
Pekon15,0287,82612,7433,087
Loilem18,0396,74311,4813,080
Nansang14,5704,53511,5912,087
Kunhing5,6658,255473
Lai Hka2,6371,3899,7741,313
Mong Kung2,1667,3581,482
Kyethi4,15212,99281
Monghsu8,5767,5672,211
Langhko6,9669,4061,787
Mong Nai4,2578,349688
Mawkmai5,1814,422480
Mong pan3,3193,929272
Lashio43,2957,71129,00215,5797,508
Hsenwi10,3771,30110,4572,5693,409
Tangyan11,3521,95513,4241,6612,5511,9464,734
PanghsangElection not held
NamphanElection not held
PangwaunElection not held
MongmaoElection not held
Mongyai5,1039,7131,600
Kyaukme20,58837,01015,1265,015
Hsipaw18,2063,37136,9984,285
Nawnghkio20,71022,70114,9472,672
Namtu8,40510,4882,052
Mongmit13,86512,9201,965
Mabein8,3745,3845,1761,097
NamhsanUnopposed
MantonUnopposed
Kunlong9,6753,6767,5831,193
Hopang17,5822940
Muse18,6488,61222,3806,430
Namhkan11,50897921,35015,4623,442
Kutkai39,9766,3294,09016,0646,322
LaukkaingUnopposed
KonkyanUnopposed
Kengtung46,0571,7395,75814,1092,7001,199
MonglaElection not held
Mongkhet4,7132832261,1611,003
Mongyang2,697146136940113
Matman4,6273,373230
Monghsat16,8538832,433395
Mongping15,3975656,4003,641886
Mongton8,7162843,2251,384
Tachileik20,75622,25514,639
Monghpyak7,4054842302,9181,542
Mongyawng5,4131,8049,4091,931
Pathein90,67634,55832,65211,566
Kangyidaunt46,11533,0859,296
Thabaung42,21722,77411,0276,450
Ngapudaw26,39712,6598,92113,5445,889
Kyonpyaw71,99431,06418,2478,982
Yegyi53,86437,8235,4806,813
Kyaunggon50,39231,5557,043
Hinthada142,70433,28418,844
Zalun77,90814,5553,991
Lemyethna34,2881,06721,9163,436
Myanaung81,99624,50113,569
Kyangin25,18424,6176,621
Ingapu107,34817,0134,076
Myaungmya74,86514,40418,4693,89918,30910,933
Einme54,64143,8888,647
Wakema74,04660,54812,144
Labutta96,95163,24510,12441,52713,806
Mawlamyinegyun97,69236,71219,85622,255
Maubin123,82422,5144,8775,08913,385
Pantanaw57,05461,9921,507
Nyaungdon50,05439,91910,6230
Danubyu67,14227,7817,491
Pyapon97,66934,1018,997
Bogale80,97237,90013,0634,8145,55915,711
Kyaiklat56,74914,63610,7214,6655,3825,4375,313
Dedaye62,94027,2379,36111,613
Close

Reactions

Summarize
Perspective

Than Nyein, the chairman of the National Democratic Force, claimed the election was marred by irregularities. "We have our evidence. Some candidates complained ... because there was vote cheating." Khin Maung Swe, the leader of the opposition National Democratic Force alleged: "We took the lead at the beginning but the USDP later came up with so-called advance votes and that changed the results completely, so we lost."

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon claimed voting conditions had been "insufficiently inclusive, participatory and transparent."[71]

The People's Republic of China's Foreign Ministry said the election was "a critical step for Myanmar in implementing the seven-step road map in the transition to an elected government, and thus is welcome."[72]

India was conspicuously silent with segments of the Indian media questioning whether principle gave way to expediency.[73]

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov welcomed the vote and characterised it as a "step forward in the democratisation of Burmese society."[60]

During a speech to the Indian parliament, US President Barack Obama said of the election that "When peaceful democratic movements are suppressed – as in Burma – then the democracies of the world cannot remain silent ... It is unacceptable to steal an election as the regime in Burma has done again for the world to see."[74]

Edwin Lacierda, the spokesperson of Philippine president Benigno Aquino III, said in a press conference in Malacañang Palace that " [We] express our disappointment towards the actions done by the Burmese government towards the NLD, and also with regards to such a farce-like elections which just appeared to be a display."

Analysis

At the time of the election Aljazeera argued that the election marginalised Aung San Suu Kyi. It asked "How much power and reach would she still have to rally her followers barely a week after the south-east Asian nation's first general election in two decades?" One such reason was because the NLD's boycott may have failed if it does not play the right cards in dealing with at least a semblance of an elected opposition in a "semi-legitimate" parliament. Pending her release from jail, the political atmosphere would have changed because of a new military leadership that may not be as "cosmopolitan" and "practical" in dealing both with her and external players. The British ambassador to Myanmar, Andrew Heyn, also said: "What they the junta do when Suu Kyi is released will send a message. She is well informed and committed and wants to stay involved."[75]

Aftermath

Main article: 2010–2012 Myanmar border clashes

The following day clashes erupted between the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) and government forces in Myawaddy by the Thai border.[76] The fighting spilled over to the town of Three Pagodas Pass with reports that the DKBA had seized the town from the military. According to some reports, the DKBA planned the action in the towns of Myawaddy and Three Pagodas Pass to take advantage of the deployment of the military for election monitoring. Many voters in the area, fearing an attack, stayed away from the polls.[77]

Opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November,[78] despite a court ruling quashing her release.[79] She then said there were no regrets over her party's boycott of the election. To have change, she said, "The people have to want it, and they have to be united."[80]

Suu Kyi and her party participated and won seats in the subsequent 2012 by-elections. The next Myanmar general election was held in 2015.[81]

Changes during the term of office

On 9 September 2011 Tun Aung Khaing (USDP) replaced Aung Kyaw Zan (RNDP) who had been removed from office.[82]

References

External links

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