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2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections

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2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections
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The 2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections were the 35th lower house elections in the Philippines. They were held on May 13, 2019, to elect members to the House of Representatives.

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Candidates were expected to be either for or against President Rodrigo Duterte. As the Philippines has a multi-party system, those who are for (or against) Duterte may find themselves running against each other. Other districts that may be seen as safe seats may see a candidate elected unopposed. Several seats have not been apportioned since 1907, gerrymandering on some newly apportioned seats and entrenchment of political dynasties make competitive races in so-called swing seats rare. The Liberal Party was expected to lead the opposition against PDP–Laban.

The pro-Duterte parties overwhelmingly won most of the seats in the House. Pro-Duterte party-list ACT-CIS emerged as the topnotcher in the party-list election. There was infighting among the pro-Duterte parties on who should be elected Speaker. Alan Peter Cayetano agreed on term-sharing with Lord Allan Jay Velasco for the speakership, with the former serving for the first 15 months, while the latter serving for the last 21 months.

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Electoral system

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The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. There are currently 297 seats in the House; 238 of these are district representatives, and 59 are party-list representatives. Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the plurality voting system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% "soft" election threshold, with a 3-seat cap. The party in the party-list election with the most votes usually wins three seats, the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats, and the parties with less than 2% of the vote winning a seat each if the 20% quota is not met.

Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local; the candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign.[citation needed]

Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though.[citation needed]

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Redistricting

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Reapportioning (redistricting) the number of seats is either via national reapportionment three years after the release of every census, or via piecemeal redistricting for every province or city. National reapportionment has not happened since the 1987 constitution took effect, and aside from piecemeal redistricting, the apportionment was based on the ordinance from the constitution, which was in turn based from the 1980 census.[1]

Changes from the outgoing Congress

In total, five new district seats were created. Two were in Isabela, where the entire province was redistricted from four districts to six, and one each in Cavite, where the sixth district was redistricted into districts, Aklan, which was divided into two districts, and Laguna, where Calamba was separated from the second district.

There were an additional two new districts created, after preparations have begun:

However, as preparations were already on its way when the laws for the creation of General Santos's and Southern Leyte's districts were made, the commission decided to delay elections for the four seats involved to October 2019; the ballots for those districts showed their previous conflagrations as if it were not redistricted yet. A lawsuit was then decided by the Supreme Court prior to rescheduled elections, ordering the commission to declare the winner of the election in South Cotabato's 1st district.[7] Upon doing so, the commission then declared the winner of the Southern Leyte at-large district as well. The first elections for these two districts shall be in 2022, at the next general election.

Summary of changes

As there are now 243 districts; therefore, there are 61 party-list seats (at least 20% of the total), an increase from 59. The 18th Congress shall then have 304 representatives.

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Retiring and term-limited incumbents

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Term limited

These representatives were term-limited, and were thus not allowed to run in 2019:

Retiring

These representatives are not term limited, but did not run:

  • Vicente Alcala (PDP–Laban, Quezon-2nd)
    Ran and lost for Governor of Quezon.[34]
  • Arlene Arcillas (PDP–Laban, Laguna-1st)
    Ran and won for Mayor of Santa Rosa, Laguna.[35]
  • Jennifer Austria-Barzaga (NUP, Cavite 4th)
    Ran and won for Mayor of Dasmariñas, Cavite.
  • Ferjenel Biron (National Unity Party, Iloilo-4th)
    Ran and lost for Governor of Iloilo.[36]
  • Pia Cayetano, (Nacionalista, Taguig–2nd)
    Ran and won for senator.
  • Vincent Crisologo (PDP–Laban, Quezon City–1st)
    Ran and lost for Mayor of Quezon City.[37]
  • Anna Katrina Enverga-dela Paz (NPC, Quezon-1st)
    Running for reelection, later withdrew
  • Gwendolyn Garcia (PDP–Laban, Cebu–3rd)
    Ran and won for Governor of Cebu.[38]
  • Alexandra Gonzales (PDP–Laban, Mandaluyong)
    Running for reelection, later withdrew
  • Datu Zajid Mangudadatu (PDP–Laban, Maguindanao-2nd)
    Ran and lost for senator
  • Danilo Suarez (Lakas, Quezon-3rd)
    Ran and won for Governor of Quezon.[34]
  • Chiqui Roa-Puno (NUP, Antipolo-1st)
    Not running for reelection
  • Monsour del Rosario (PDP–Laban, Makati-1st)
    Ran and lost for Vice Mayor of Makati.[39]
  • Gustavo Tambunting (PDP–Laban, Parañaque–2nd)
    Running for reelection, later withdrew

Mid-term vacancies

These congressmen left office before their terms expired, and were not replaced. As the 17th Congress has not called for special elections, these seats remain vacant until the sine die adjournment. For party-list representatives, the next person on the list would assume office. In both instances this happened, the next person on the list replaced the person who resigned.

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Participating parties

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Contesting district elections

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The seats held by each party were expected to change by the time candidacies were declared in late 2018.

Contesting via the party-list system

The parties under the Makabayan bloc was formerly supportive of Duterte's policies until Duterte suspended peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines.[citation needed]

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Marginal seats

These are the marginal seats that had a winning margin of 5% or less, in ascending order.

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Results

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Congressional district results

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  1. There were supposed to be 306 seats up, out of 245 districts and 61 party-seats. Elections at two districts were deferred after ballots were already printed using the old configuration. After the party-list seats were seated, the Supreme Court then ruled that one of the districts shall first disputed in the 2022 election, and that the results of the 2019 election using the old configuration stood. The Commission on Elections then ruled that for other district, the same ruling from the Supreme Court would also be followed. This reduced the number of congressional district seats to 243, and would have meant a reduction of one party-list seat, but that was no longer acted upon.
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Results by congressional district

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Notes

  1. Redistricted from Aklan.
  2. Incumbent Jum Jainudin Akbar (Liberal) died on November 11, 2016.
  3. Incumbent Henedina Abad (Liberal) died on October 8, 2017.
  4. Redistricted from Laguna–2nd.
  5. Redistricted from Cavite–7th.
  6. Incumbent Karlo Nograles (PDP–Laban) resigned after being appointed as Cabinet Secretary on November 5, 2018.
  7. Incumbent Mark Villar (Nacionalista) resigned after being appointed as Secretary of Public Works and Highways on August 1, 2016.
  8. Incumbent Maximo Dalog (Liberal) died on June 3, 2017.
  9. Tupay Loong (NUP) died before being sworn-in on June 30, 2016.

Party-list election

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Summary

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  1. Basilan has places both in the Zamboanga Peninsula (Isabela) and in Bangsamoro (rest of the province). For purposes of this table, it is included in the Bangsamoro totals.
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Defeated incumbents

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District representatives

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Party-list representatives

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References

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