3 Women

For other uses, see Three Women (disambiguation).

3 Women is a 1977 American psychological drama film written, produced and directed by Robert Altman and starring Shelley Duvall, Sissy Spacek and Janice Rule. Set in a dusty California desert town, it depicts the increasingly bizarre relationship between an adult woman (Duvall), her teenage roommate and co-worker (Spacek), and a middle-aged pregnant woman (Rule).

3 Women
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Robert Altman
Written by	Robert Altman
Produced by	Robert Altman
Starring	Shelley Duvall Sissy Spacek Janice Rule
Cinematography	Charles Rosher Jr.
Edited by	Dennis Hill
Music by	Gerald Busby
Production company	Lion's Gate Films
Distributed by	20th Century-Fox
Release dates	April 3, 1977 (1977-04-03) (New York City) April 29, 1977 (1977-04-29) (Los Angeles)
Running time	124 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$1.7 million[1]

The story came directly from a dream Altman had, which he adapted into a treatment, intending to film without a screenplay. 20th Century-Fox financed the project on the basis of Altman's past work. Interpretations of the film are centered around its psychoanalytic elements and exploration of identity.

3 Women premiered at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival and earned positive reviews from critics, who praised Duvall's performance. It was not a strong box office success despite Hollywood studio financing and distribution. After its theatrical release, the film was unavailable on home video for almost thirty years, until it was released by The Criterion Collection in 2004.

Plot

Pinky Rose, a timid and awkward young woman, starts working at a health spa for the elderly in a small California desert town. She becomes enamored of Millie Lammoreaux, a relentlessly outgoing and self-absorbed co-worker who talks incessantly. Despite their stark personality differences, Pinky and Millie become roommates at the Purple Sage Apartments, owned by the drinking, womanizing, has-been Hollywood stunt double Edgar Hart and his wife Willie, a mysterious pregnant woman who rarely speaks and paints striking and unsettling murals.

Millie takes Pinky along on her visits to Dodge City, a local tavern and shooting range also owned by Willie and Edgar, where Millie continues expounding her petty opinions and interests to her new roommate. Millie's babble alienates most of her co-workers, neighbors, acquaintances and would-be suitors; Pinky is the only person in Millie's orbit who enjoys listening to her.

Tensions begin to arise between Millie and Pinky after Millie's old roommate, Deidre, hastily cancels plans for a dinner in which Millie had invested much time and effort. Millie storms out of the apartment and returns with a drunken Edgar. Pinky begs Millie to consider Edgar's pregnant wife and not have sex with him. Millie, angry at what she perceives as Pinky's meddling and sabotaging her social life, yells at her and suggests she move out of the apartment. A distraught Pinky jumps off the apartment balcony into the swimming pool.

Pinky survives the suicide attempt but falls into a coma. Millie, feeling responsible, visits her in the hospital daily. When Pinky still fails to wake up, Millie contacts Pinky's parents in Texas, hoping their presence at the hospital will help her regain consciousness. When Pinky wakes up, she does not recognize her parents and furiously demands that they leave. Once sent home to live with Millie again, Pinky copies Millie's mannerisms and behavior, including drinking, smoking, sleeping with Edgar, and shooting guns at Dodge City. She insists on being called Mildred, both women's birth name.

Millie becomes increasingly frustrated by Pinky's imitative shift in personality and begins to exhibit Pinky's timid and submissive personality herself. One night after Pinky has a bad dream, she shares a bed with Millie platonically. Edgar, soused again, enters their apartment and makes sexual overtures before casually telling them that Willie is about to give birth. Pinky and Millie drive to Edgar and Willie's house, where Willie is alone and in agonizing labor. Her baby is stillborn after Edgar abandoned her and Pinky failed to follow Millie's instructions to summon medical help.

Later, Pinky and Millie are working at Dodge City, having again changed roles: Pinky has reverted to her childlike timidity and refers to Millie as her mother, while Millie has assumed Willie's role in running the tavern, even imitating Willie's makeup and attire. When a delivery driver says it was a shame about Edgar dying, Millie offers a pat, hollow reply which suggests the three women are complicit in his death.

Cast

• Shelley Duvall as Mildred "Millie" Lammoreaux
• Sissy Spacek as Mildred "Pinky" Rose
• Janice Rule as Willie Hart
• Robert Fortier as Edgar Hart
• Ruth Nelson as Mrs. Rose
• John Cromwell as Mr. Rose
• Sierra Pecheur as Ms. Bunweil
• Craig Richard Nelson as Dr. Maas
• Maysie Hoy as Doris
• Belita Moreno as Alcira
• Leslie Ann Hudson as Polly
• Patricia Ann Hudson as Peggy
• Beverly Ross as Deidre

Analysis

Janice Rule's character Willie has been interpreted, variously, as symbolizing either mother or grandmother.

Altman has said the film is about "empty vessels in an empty landscape".^[2] Writer Frank Caso identified themes of the film as including obsession, schizophrenia and personality disorder, and linked the film to Altman's earlier films That Cold Day in the Park (1969) and Images (1972), declaring them a trilogy. Caso states critics have argued the dreamer in the film is Willie, since she says she had a dream at the end of the film, and Pinky had the "dream within a dream".^[3]

Psychiatrist Glen O. Gabbard and Krin Gabbard believed 3 Women could best be understood through psychoanalysis and the study of dreams. In theory, a person dreaming can shift from one character into another within the dream. The three titular characters in the film represent the psyche of one person.^[4] Whereas Pinky is the child among the three, Millie is the sexually awakened young woman, and the pregnant Willie is the mother figure.^[5] The Gabbard siblings interpreted Pinky, post-coma, as transforming into Millie, while Millie became more of a mother figure to her.^[6] Altman equated the death of Willie's child to the murder of Edgar, which the three title characters appear to have all participated in.^[7] Author David Greven agreed psychoanalysis could be used, but saw the relationship between Millie and Pinky as one of mother and daughter, respectively, with Willie at the end of the film being the "grandmotherly figure" who defends Pinky from Millie's scornful mothering. Greven wrote that the film also demonstrated a focus on strong female characters.^[8]

The setting is also a key feature in the film, with Joe McElhaney arguing the California landscapes "come to represent something much larger than a 'mere' location".^[9] He states it is "a space of death but also one of creation".^[10]

Production

Development

Director Robert Altman conceived of the idea for 3 Women while his wife was being treated in a hospital, and he was afraid that she would die.^[11] During a restless sleep, he had a dream in which he was directing a film starring Shelley Duvall and Sissy Spacek in an identity theft story, against a desert backdrop.^[12] He woke up mid-dream, jotted notes on a pad, and went back to sleep, receiving more details.^[11]

Upon waking, he wanted to make the film, although the dream had not provided him with a complete storyline. Altman consulted author Patricia Resnick to develop a treatment, drawing up 50 pages, initially with no intent to write a full screenplay.^[12] Ingmar Bergman's 1966 film Persona was also an influence on the film.^[13]

Altman secured approval from 20th Century Fox, which supported the project on the basis of the success of his 1970 film MASH.^[12] Studio manager Alan Ladd Jr. also found the story idea interesting and respected the fact that Altman consistently worked within his budget in past films, as this was before Altman's 1980 film version of Popeye considerably exceeded its initially approved budget.^[14]

Filming

The film was shot in Desert Hot Springs, California.

The film was shot in Palm Springs, including the apartment scenes, and Desert Hot Springs, California.^[4][15] Although a screenplay was completed, actresses Duvall and Spacek employed much improvisation, particularly in Duvall's silly ramblings and advice on dating.^[12] Altman also credited Duvall with drawing up her character's recipes and diary.^[16]

For Willie's paintings, the filmmakers employed artist Bodhi Wind, whose real name was Charles Kuklis.^[17] The cinematographer, Charles Rosher Jr., worked with the intense sunlight in the California desert.^[18]

During the shooting of one scene, Duvall's skirt got caught in a car door. Assistant director Tommy Thompson called for a cut. However, Altman stated he "loved" the accident and had Duvall intentionally catch her dress and skirt in the door in several scenes.^[19]

Release

The film opened in New York City in April 1977.^[20] The film was also screened at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1977, which was where Altman first admitted to Ladd the film was based on his dream.^[21]

Reception

Shelley Duvall's performance received acclaim from critics.

3 Women received positive reviews from critics.^[22] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 83% of 54 critics' reviews are positive. The website's consensus reads: "3 Women is a strange, eerie portrait of late-'70s womanhood that upends and then defies all expectations."^[23] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 82 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".^[24]

Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, calling the first half "a funny, satirical, and sometimes sad study of the community and its people" and adding that the film then turns into "masked sexual horror".^[25] Ebert added 3 Women to his Great Movies list in 2004, deeming it "Robert Altman's 1977 masterpiece" and calling Duvall's expressions "a study in unease".^[13] Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, called 3 Women a "funny, moving" film and Millie "one of the most memorable characterizations Mr. Altman has ever given us", giving credit to Duvall as well.^[20] Writing for The New Yorker, Michael Sragow remarked, "In the Robert Altman canon, no picture is stranger—and more fascinating—than this 1977 phantasmagoria", adding that it is "full of images so rich that they transcend its metaphoric structure", praising Duvall.^[26] Molly Haskell, in New York, ranked the film as the second best of the year, describing it as "ambitious, pretentious, gentle, goofy and mesmerizing".^[27]

Texas Monthly critics Marie Brenner and Jesse Kornbluth stated that Altman likely aspired to be the "American Bergman", calling 3 Women "an attempt at equaling Bergman's Persona".^[28] They credited Duvall with an "extraordinary performance" but lamented the film's shift away from a documentary style in its second half.^[29] Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It needed no proving, but on the evidence of his '3 Women,' Robert Altman is identifiable anew as one of the most fluent, imaginative, individual and magical film-makers working here or anywhere else."^[30] Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars, writing that he still did not understand it after seeing it twice. "The ultimate meaning of 'Three Women' may be known only to writer-director Altman," Siskel wrote. "After all, it was his dream. I didn't find enough threads of sanity to keep me interested in the film's final sequences."^[31]

Accolades

Award	Date	Category	Recipient(s)	Result	Ref(s)
British Academy Film Awards	March 16, 1978	Best Actress	Shelley Duvall	Nominated	[32]
Cannes Film Festival	May 13–27, 1977	Palme d'Or	Robert Altman	Nominated	[33]
		Best Actress	Shelley Duvall	Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association	December 19, 1977	Best Actress		Won	[34]
National Society of Film Critics Awards	December 19, 1977	Best Actress		Runner-up	[35]
		Best Supporting Actress	Sissy Spacek	Runner-up
New York Film Critics Circle	January 29, 1978	Best Actress	Shelley Duvall	Runner-up	[36]
		Best Supporting Actress	Sissy Spacek	Won

Home media

On home video, the film never received a VHS release. Altman said the film negative was deteriorating until it was restored and remastered.^[37] The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD in 2004, including a director's commentary.^[37] In 2011, Criterion re-released the film on Blu-ray.^[38]