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Achille Van Acker

Belgian socialist politician From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Achille Van Acker
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Achille Van Acker (8 April 1898 – 10 July 1975) was a Belgian politician who served three terms as the prime minister of Belgium between 1945 and 1958. A moderate from Flanders, Van Acker was a member of the Belgian Socialist Party (PSB–BSP) and played an important role in the creation of the Belgian welfare state after World War II.

Quick Facts Prime Minister of Belgium, Monarch ...
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Biography

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Early life

Achille Honoré Van Acker was born into a working class family in Bruges, Belgium in 1898 as the youngest of 12 children. He only attended school until the age of 11.[1] Despite entering the workforce, Van Acker read widely and joined several social associations in Bruges. At the outbreak of World War I, he was refused by the Belgian Army because he suffered from astigmatism.[1] While the Germans occupied most of Belgium, Van Acker fled into the small section of unoccupied territory behind the Yser Front where he worked in various menial capacities.[1] Mixing with Belgian soldiers during the war, Van Acker became involved in socialist politics, developing a distinctive ideology based on moderate social democracy.[1] After the end of the war, he returned to Bruges and joined the Belgian Labour Party (Belgische Werkliedenpartij, POB–BWP) and became active in socialist groups, trade unions, and cooperatives.[1]

In 1926, Van Acker was elected to a position in Bruges' city council and, in 1927, became a POB–BWP member of the Chamber of Representatives aged 29.[2] In his early years in parliament, Van Acker developed particular expertise in social security legislation.[2]

In May 1940, Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany. Following the Belgian surrender and the start of the German occupation, the head of the POB–BWP Henri de Man announced the dissolution of the socialist party as part of a policy of collaborationism.[2] Van Acker retreated from public life.[2] In 1941, however, he rejoined the illegal socialist party and underground trade union movement under the nom de guerre "Monsieur André" and travelled around the country making contact with party sections.[3] At the Liberation of Belgium in September 1944, Van Acker emerged as the head of the POB–BWP's successor party, the Belgian Socialist Party (Belgische Socialistische Partij, PSB-BSP).[3]

In December 1944, while serving as a government minister, Van Acker implemented Belgium's social security system.[4]

Prime minister

After the Second World War, Van Acker became Prime Minister of Belgium in four different cabinets and served as Minister of Labour and Social Services, Minister of Public Health, Minister of Mobility and Minister of Mining (which led to his nickname). From 1961 until 1974 he served as President of the Chamber of Representatives. He was named Minister of State in 1958. During Van Acker's first premiership, compulsory disability insurance[5] and compulsory health insurance for manual and non-manual workers was introduced in March 1945 and from January 1946 onwards health insurance funds earmarked a special contribution that covered the costs of preventive open-air cures.[6] With regard to work accidents, the Decree-Law of 20 September 1945 extended the law to domestic workers, while the Decree-Law of 13 December 1945 "legally ratifies the regulations for road accidents that have existed since 1942."[7] In addition, as noted by one study, "In the first organic unemployment scheme (decree of the Regent of 26 May 1945) the principle of a generalized right to unemployment was registered, without taking into account the possible needy situation of the unemployed person held."[7]

To improve health and safety in mines, a decree was introduced in December 1945 provididing for the compulsory use in dusty places of devices "capable of allaying or suppressing coal and stone dust."[8] A number of laws were also passed from April 1945 onwards that liberalized entitlement to allowances for deportees of foreign nationality.[9]

An Order of October 1945 issued general regulations for the medical control of workers in industrial and commercial undertakings, public services and public utilities. Another order introduced that same month issued general regulations concerning personal equipment for health protection.[10] Following a 1940 law that enabled homeowners wishing to begin reconstruction of their properties to apply for a "repair loan at a low rate of interest, an Act was passed in December 1945 that enabled them to acquire an interest-free advance on their compensation.[11] That same month, a Supreme Council for Hygiene in Mines was established with the aim of furthering the progress of industrial hygiene.[12] In February 1946, the formation of safety and hygiene committees was made compulsory.[13] Titles I and II of general regulations for the protection of labour, dated 11 February 1946, "which constitute a codification of the Belgian labour protection legislation, were approved by an Order of the Regent on 11 February 1946."[14] In September 1945, workers’ compensation was extended to household maids, and for accidents to and from work in December 1945.[15] A Legislative Order of January 1946 regulating annual holidays covered all persons "bound by contracts for the hiring of services or by contracts of apprenticeship," and laid down the essential principles for the grant of paid holidays, "leaving scope for their adaptation to the special needs of the various branches of industrial activity."[16]

The first three cabinets led by Van Acker were short-lived because of the crisis pertaining to Leopold III which held Belgium in its grip from 1944 to 1951.

Initiatives were taken by Van Acker's fourth cabinet to expand social spending on pensions, housing, employment, and education. Steps were also taken to reduce the workweek and to reduce the term of compulsory military service from 21 to 18 months.[17] Under a royal order of July the 16th 1954, a person engaged in home crafts (as noted by one study) “is entitled to compensation in respect of any period of unemployment of not less than six working days, whereas hitherto such a person was entitled to benefit only in respect of complete weeks of unemployment.” An order of December the 14th 1954 provides for free non-contributory health assistance for invalid miners, while also It extending entitlement to non-contributory health assistance (as noted by one study) “to old-age pensioners or invalids (not less than 150 days of sick ness) who were political prisoners, prisoners of war, deportees for forced labour or members of the active or passive civil resistance and have been compulsorily or voluntarily insured without interruption since 1 January 1946.” A royal order of June the 30th 1954 raised (as noted by one study) “the pension supplements for salaried employees and their widows to the same amount as those for wage-earners and their widows.”[18]

An Act of July the 20th 1955 forbade performances of music-hall or circus aerial acrobatics without a protective net, while orders issued on July the 1st and November the 18th 1955 set up (as noted by one study) “general or special training courses which unemployed women may be called on to follow.”[19] A 45-hour workweek was also introduced in 1955, and a law was passed in 1956 that doubled holiday leave entitlement from 6 to 12 days.[20] Earnings-related pension schemes were introduced for manual workers (1955), seamen (1956), and white-collar workers (1957).[21] As noted by one study, "The laws of 21 May 1955 (workers) and 12 July 1957 (clerks) take over the principles of the 1953 law with an extension. Every pensioner is entitled to a pension calculated according to the length of his career and at 60 per cent. (single persons) or 75 pc. (family pension) of the gross revalued earned wages."[7] Allowances were introduced in 1955[21] to cover demolition and rehousing while pension contributions were made obligatory in 1956.[22] An Act of June 1954 increased the minimum pension and introduced index-lining of for pension benefits, while an Act of July 1957 introduced a wage-related pension formula for white-collar workers.[23] Under the 1955 Collard Act, municipalities could admit private schools only "after they had created public-sector ones and only where there a need for them was felt."[24] New schools were also built, and in the 1956 budget, provision was made (for the first time) the purchase by the state of school supplies for "the benefit of pupils in primary and nursery-infant sections attached to state secondary education establishments."[25]

An Act of June the 30th 1956 provided that independent workers of both sexes could, under certain conditions, receive an old-age pension at the end of their careers, while an Act of July the 11th 1956 extended the application of a previously Act dated December the 30th 1929 “to compensation for injuries suffered by seamen as a result of industrial accidents.” A Royal order of July the 24th 1956 extended family allowances to several categories of employers and non-wage-earning workers. A royal order of December the 14th 1956 prohibited (as noted by one study) “the employment of children under sixteen on underground work in mines, surface workings and quarries.” An Act of June the 28th 1956, together with a royal order of August the 4th 1956, granted educational allowances (as noted by one study) “to pupils who are the orphans of war victims and are in difficult circumstances.”[26] A royal order of May the 23rd 1957 provided for the establishment of a national centre for vocational information and guidance and the preliminary selection of occupations for workers under the age of 25, while an Act of July the 15th 1957 forbade the employment of boys under the age of 18 in underground areas of mines, surface mines and quarries. Previously, the minimum employment age was set at 14. An Act of July the 17th 1957, as noted by one study, “supplements the provisions of the Act of 10 June 1952 respecting the health and safety of workers. All employers shall set up a workplace safety, hygiene and improvement service; if they employ fifty or more workers, they shall also set up committees based on parity representation, for the same purpose.”[27] Also in 1957, an age allowance was introduced,[7] In addition, a law of March 1958 made public authorities responsible for the cost of transporting (where necessary) abnormal and similarly handicapped children to special schools, and a law of April the 28th 1958 (which was later replaced by a law of April 16, 1963) established a social rehabilitation scheme for the disabled.[7][28]

Later life and death

Van Acker died on 11 July 1975, at the age of 77.[29]

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Authography

  • Moederweelde (Bruges, 1926).[2]
  • Drie Sterren (Bruges, 1962).[2]
  • Puntdichten en Grafschriften (Tielt, 1968).[2]

Honours

References

External links

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