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Ahmad Beg
Aq Qoyunlu sultan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ahmad Beg or Ahmed Beg was a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu. He was a grandson of Uzun Hasan and Mehmed the Conqueror through his father and mother side respectively.[3] He was also a son-in-law (damat) to Bayezid II.[4]
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Name
He is known as Ahmad Göde[5] or Gövde Ahmad[6] (Azerbaijani: گودک احمد; Persian: احمد گوده).
According to Turkish sources, he got the nickname göde due to his short height.[4]
According to the Safavid historian Hasan Beg Rumlu:[7]
Indeed, as mentioned earlier, he was killed in the winter of that year. His reign lasted six months. As for his physique; his face was extremely red and white, he was short, and his hands and feet were short. For this reason, Ahmad was known as göde.
He is mentioned in contemporary sources as Ahmed Mirza,[8] Ahmed Padishah[8] or Sultan Ahmed.[8]
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Early life
In 1474, before Ahmad's birth, his father Ughurlu Muhammad rebelled against Ahmad's grandfather, the then ruling sultan Uzun Hasan, and took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed the Conqueror welcomed Ughurlu and married him to his daughter Gevherhan Hatun.[8] Ahmad was born from this marriage, but hardly knew his father since Ughurlu Muhammad was killed in 1477. He was raised in the Ottoman court where he received the care and attention befitting a claimant to the Aq Qoyunlu throne and a nephew of Bayezid. Indeed, Bayezid felt a strong familial bond with the young prince as he frequently addressed him as his dear son in official correspondence and offered his daughter Aynışah Sultan in marriage for him.[9]
The arrival of the embassy of military commanders and urban notables sent from Diyarbakir by Nur Ali assured Ahmad a broad coalition of support would welcome his return.[9]
Ahmad left Constantinople shortly and met Nur Ali and an army of supporters at Erzincan before Rustam's defeat in the summer 1497.[9]
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Reign
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In 1497 he overthrew his cousin Rustam Beg, after returning from exile in Ottoman territory.[2] A month or two later, Rustam attempted to regain his throne with the help of the Qajars in the Ganja region, which costed his life. Meanwhile, he made serious reforms, and even had some great begs executed. Meanwhile Ayba Sultan in Kerman, made an agreement with the governor of Fars, Purnek Qasim Beg and declared Sultan Ya'qub's son Murad Beg the ruler. However, shortly afterwards, Murad was imprisoned in Rûyindiz castle and Ayba Sultan recognized the rule of Alwand Beg.[1]
On 14 December 1497, Ahmad was defeated and killed near Isfahan. After his death, the Aq Qoyunlu empire underwent further disintegration. None of the tribal factions could secure more than provincial recognition of its favored throne-claimant, with the result that three sultans reigned concurrently.[2]
During his rule, he tried to impose the Ottoman administrative, political and religious system to the Aq Qoyunlu state. He wanted to strengthen the central state's dominance, which was weakened by the efforts of the nomadic emirs to get away from the central administration. This centralization of state dominance contributed to the significant successes achieved in the Ottoman Empire at that time. However, this policy of Ahmed Beg did not win him the support of the Aq Qoyunlu emirs. The emirs owned vast lands and they did not want to lose them. With the tax reform, he abolished nearly twenty types of taxes that were not included in Islamic law. These reforms were not continued after his death and old rules were put into practice again. [8]
Personal life
A copy Shahnama (located in Topkapı Palace) dated 1495-1496 AD "was completed for him at Herat". This luxuriously produced illustrated manuscript, with a lacquer painted binding, carries an inscription saying that it was produced for the library of Sultan Ahmad. The fact that its illustrations are in the Aq Qoyunlu style, encourages the thought that Ahmad Beg may have been the "Ahmad Padishah".[10]
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Family
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Göde Ahmad married his cousin Aynışah Sultan, a daughter of Sultan Bayezid II (brother of his mother Gevherhan Hatun).
Together, they had a son and two daughters:
- Neslihan Hanımsultan; married to his cousin Şehzade Alaeddin Ali,[11] son of Şehzade Ahmed, himself one of Aynışah's half-siblings. She had a daughter, Hvandi Sultan.
- Hanzade Hanımsultan; married in 1508[12] her cousin Sultanzade Yahyapaşaoğlu Bali Bey,[11][13] son of Şahzade Sultan (daughter of Bayezid II). The union was a failure, as the couple lived in separation and the princess, per a report of her behaviour to Sultan Selim in 1516, engaged in a string of scandalous acts. Caught committing adultery with a man at Skopje, who was killed along with six members of her household, she then relocated against permission to Istanbul where she took a young Quran reciter, known as Dellakoğlu Bak, as a lover, bearing him a daughter who died aged approximately six months old. Upon his death of malaria at Babaeski, en route from Edirne to Istanbul, she found a new companion in his brother.[14] The letter's author, most likely Selim's son and her own cousin, the future Suleiman the Magnificent, then based at Edirne, credited her acts to the help of her ″boundless and unparalleled″ wealth and several named procuring servants.[15]
- Sultanzade Zeyneddin Bey[13] (May/June 1497 - 1508); reportedly born the same day that news of Göde Ahmed's takeover of the Ağ Qoyunlu throne was received.[16]
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Quotes
One of the poets says:
"They made Rum's cabbage the sultan of the world, and when winter came, they threw it underground."[7]
— Hasan Beg Rumlu
Ahmad Padishah ascends the throne of Azerbaijan, but he is martyred through Aybasultan's opposition.[17]
Had been driven by his desire for his rightfully inherited sovereignty.[9]
These lands (Iran) would become united with those lands (Ottomans) and nothing other than fraternity will prevail and the affairs of this land will be eased as he (Sultan Ahmad) has been raised in the shadow of the just emperor (Bayezid).[9]
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References
Sources
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