Aleksander Michałowski

Aleksander Michałowski (17 May [O.S. 5 May] 1851 – 17 October 1938) was a Polish pianist, pedagogue and composer.^[1]

Aleksander Michałowski
Born	(1851-05-17)17 May 1851 (O.S. 5 May) Kamianets-Podilskyi, Russian Empire
Died	17 October 1938(1938-10-17) (aged 87) Warsaw, Poland
Occupations	Pianist pedagogue composer

Early life and education

Michałowski was born in 1851 in Kamianets-Podilskyi, in present-day Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. He started taking piano lessons at the age of six. In 1867, at the age of 16, he enrolled at the Leipzig Conservatory as a pupil of Ignaz Moscheles, Carl Reinecke, and Theodor Coccius. Two years later he traveled to Berlin, where he studied under Polish pianist Carl Tausig. In 1870, he settled down in Warsaw and began his teaching career in 1874.

Around this time, Michałowski befriended and studied with Karol Mikuli, who had received lessons from Frédéric Chopin between 1844 and 1848. Mikuli later went on to become head of the Lviv Conservatory.^[2] Mikuli shared many of Chopin's ideas and traditions with Michałowski. Michałowski also met Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, a fellow pupil of Chopin who played some mazurkas for him. His teacher, Moscheles, had also been a friend of Chopin's.^[3]

Artistic style

Michałowski is best known for being an interpreter of Chopin's piano works. In performance, he sometimes introduced personal alterations and transcriptions in the style of Moriz Rosenthal.^[4] In 1878, he visited Franz Liszt in Weimar.^[5] Initially unwelcome due to his Leipzig Conservatory training, Michałowski ultimately impressed Liszt with his performance, earning praise for his stylistic authenticity and interpretive creativity.

Zbigniew Drzewiecki, one of Michałowski’s successors in Warsaw, wrote:

"As an interpreter of Chopin, he created a certain style of rendering the composer's works which found many imitators. It consisted of the chiseling of swift passages and stressing their elegance in smoothing the edges of sharper expressive climaxes, in lending Chopin's works the air of almost drawing-room sentimentality. And yet, this slight sentimentality was always under the strict control of moderation, instrumental purity, and good taste."^[6]

Teaching principles

Michałowski began teaching privately in 1874. In 1891,^[7] he became a professor of the concert pianists' class at the Warsaw Institute of Music, under the direction of Apolinary Katski. He continued there until 1918, after which he taught at the Fryderyk Chopin Music School of the Warsaw Music Society.^[8] He particularly emphasized the importance of contrapuntal playing, and during the first two years of his students' work with him, required them to study J.S. Bach's contrapuntal keyboard works. For one of his students, Wanda Landowska, this emphasis on contrapuntal principles in Chopin's and Bach's music inspired her to focus her career on Bach and Baroque music. Michałowski also encouraged developing the imaginative and bravura aspects of his students' playing. He often demonstrated technique and style in his lessons and encouraged students to imitate aspects of his performance.^[9]

Students and successors

The careers of some of his students were interrupted by the two World Wars, which in some cases ended their work. Among them was Jerzy Żurawlew, who founded the International Chopin Piano Competitions in 1927.^[10] Wanda Landowska, Vladimir Sofronitsky, and Mischa Levitzki were some of his most famous pupils. Landowska was not only forced to flee the Nazis but also had her musical collection confiscated.^[11] Róża Etkin-Moszkowska was killed in the German retreat from Warsaw in 1944.

Henryk Pachulski and Piotr Maszyński were among his earlier pupils, while later ones included Stanislaw Urstein, Edwarda Chojnacka, Wiktor Chapowicki, Józef Śmidowicz, Vladimir Sofronitsky, Jadwiga Sarnecka, and Bolesław Woytowicz. Heinrich Neuhaus, a teacher whose pupils included Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yaacov Zak, and Ryszard Bakst, received lessons from Michałowski. Professor Karol Radziwonowicz also lists Stefania Allina, Zofia Buckiewiczowa, Janina Familier Hepner, Zofia Frankiewicz, Stefania Niekrasz, Stanislaw Nawrocki, Ludomir Różycki, Piotr Rytel, Henryk Schulz-Evler, Władysław Szpilman, Juliusz Wolfsohn, and Alexander Zakin as Michałowski's pupils.^[12]

Bolesław Kon was a pupil who also studied with Konstantin Igumnov. Jerzy Lefeld became Michałowski's amanuensis, transcribing for him.

Józef Turczyński, his immediate successor at Warsaw, and Zbigniew Drzewiecki were not his students but continued the tradition of his work as leading teachers of the Polish school.

Later career

Michałowski was also a chamber musician, performing duos with the violinist Stanisław Barcewicz and trios with Barcewicz and the cellist Aleksandr Verzhbilovich.^[13]

He composed 35 primarily short piano works and produced an instructional edition of Chopin’s compositions.^[14]

He recorded extensively and made a large number of gramophone records, recorded in three different periods: the first around 1906, the second around 1918 and the last in the 1930s.^[15]

Although he was hailed as a successful concert performer, Michałowski's focus turned increasingly to teaching when, in 1912, his sight began to fail rapidly. He was later persuaded by his colleague, Madame Ruszczycówna, to return to the concert stage and he gave many performances in the following years, in 1919 celebrating a half-century since his debut. In 1929, he performed both Chopin concerti in a single concert.^[16] Michałowski died in Warsaw on October 17, 1938, at the age of 87.^[17]

Discography

• 2016: Acte Préalable AP0365 – Aleksander Michałowski - Piano Works 1 (Artur Cimirro)^[18]

See also

• List of Poles
• List of Polish composers