Alstonia macrophylla

Alstonia macrophylla, the hard alstonia, hard milkwood or big-leaved macrophyllum,^[3] is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae.

Alstonia macrophylla
leaves & fruit in Hyderabad, India.
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Apocynaceae
Genus:	Alstonia
Species:	A. macrophylla
Binomial name
Alstonia macrophylla Wall.
Synonyms[2]
Alstonia acuminata Miq. Alstonia batino Blanco. Alstonia brassii Monach. Alstonia costata Wall. ex Miq. Alstonia glabriflora Markgr. Alstonia oblongifolia Merr. Alstonia pangkorensis King & Gamble Alstonia paucinervia Merr. Alstonia subsessilis Miq.

Distribution

It is native to Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sulawesi), Malaysia, the Philippines (Tagalog: batino^[4]), Thailand, and Vietnam. It was introduced to Sri Lanka, where it is known as hawari nuga by local Sinhalese people.

Description

Alstonia macrophylla is a tree with a straight trunk and a high, narrow crown. It can grow up to 30 meters tall. The trunk and branches contain a white latex. The bark is smooth and has a light grey color. Leaves are in whorls of three to four, simple, penni-veined, membranous, and glabrous above. Leaf-blades are 10 to 50 centimeters long, 5 to 15 cm wide, widest in or above the middle, and cuneate at the base. Flowers are about 7 mm in diameter, white, with narrow corolla tube, placed terminal on twigs. Fruits are about 30 centimeters long, green and filled with many small hairy seeds that are dispersed far and wide by the wind. The heartwood is yellowish, with a straight and shallowly interlocked grain with a moderately fine to rather coarse texture.^[5]

Natural habitat

Grows in a wide range of habits. Undisturbed and disturbed areas from sea-level up to 2900 meters altitude. Grows near the coast behind mangrove forests and in mixed dipterocarp forests. Usually grows on ridges and hillsides with sandy to clayey soils. It also grows in ultrabasic and limestone soils.^[5]

Uses

The timber is of superior quality to that of Alstonia scholaris and less liable to attack by boring insects. It is used for making roof beams, frames, poles and toys. Being a quick growing tree that grows in a wide range of habitats and soils, it has been used for reforestation in Sri Lanka.^[6]

Invasive species

In Sri Lanka, where it is called "havari nuga", it has been used for reforestation due to its fast growth rate and is now a widely spread invasive species in the wet zone. It mostly grows as a pioneer tree in disturbed forest areas.^[7]

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  Trunk in Hyderabad, India.
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  Tree with fruits in Hyderabad, India.
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  Tree in Hyderabad, India.
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  Leaves in Hyderabad, India.
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  Fruit in Hyderabad, India.
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  Trunk in Hyderabad, India.
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  Flowers in Hyderabad, India.
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  Flowers in Hyderabad, India.