Anoplotheriidae

Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyl ungulates. They were endemic to Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs about 44—30 million years ago. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek: ἂνοπλος ("unarmed")^[1] and θήριον ("beast"),^[2] translating as "unarmed beast".

Anoplotheriidae Temporal range: Eocene-Oligocene 44–30 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Reconstruction of Anoplotherium
Life restoration of Diplobune
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	†Anoplotheriidae Bonaparte, 1850
Subfamilies
Dacrytheriinae Anoplotheriinae
Synonyms
Anoplotheriina Bonaparte 1850

Skull of Anoplotherium commune, showing the unspecified dentition

Ecology

Species of Anoplotheriidae varied substantially in size. Diplobune minor is suggested to have weighted about 20 kg (44 lb),^[3] while Anoplotherium is suggested to have been up to 271 kg (597 lb) in weight.^[4] Anoplotherium is thought to have been a browser that reared up on its hind legs to feed,^[5] while Diplobune is suggested to have been an arboreal climbing animal.^[3]

Systematics and taxonomy

The family Anoplotheriidae was assigned to Belluae by Bonaparte (who named it Anoplotheriina) in 1850; to Artiodactyla by Cope in 1889, to Ruminantia by Gregory in 1910, and finally to its own superfamily Anoplotherioidea by Romer in 1966.^[6][7][8] A 2019 study considered them to be closely related to Cainotheriidae, another group of endemic European artiodactyls, with this group in turn being related to ruminants,^[9] while a 2020 study found them to be more closely related to the also European endemic Xiphodontidae, again as relatives of ruminants.^[10]

Included genera:

• Subfamily Anoplotheriinae
  • Anoplotherium Cuvier, 1804
  • Diplobune Rutimeyer, 1862
  • Duerotherium Cuesta & Badiola, 2009
  • Ephelcomenus Hurzeler, 1938
  • Robiatherium Sudre, 1988
• Subfamily Dacrytheriinae
  • Dacrytherium Filhol, 1876
  • Catodontherium Depéret, 1908