Ansuz (rune)

Ansuz is the conventional name given to the a-rune of the Elder Futhark, ᚨ. The name is based on Proto-Germanic *ansuz, denoting a deity belonging to the principal pantheon in Germanic paganism.

Name	Proto-Germanic	Old English			Old Norse
	*Ansuz	Ōs	Āc	Æsc	Óss
	"god"	"god"	"oak"	"ash"	"god"
Shape	Elder Futhark	Futhorc			Younger Futhark
Unicode	ᚨ U+16A8	ᚩ U+16A9	ᚪ U+16AA	ᚫ U+16AB	ᚬ U+16AC	ᚭ U+16AD
Transliteration	a	o	a	æ	ą
Transcription	a	o	a	æ	ą, o
IPA	[a(ː)]	[o(ː)]	[ɑ(ː)]	[æ(ː)]	[ɑ̃], [o(ː)]
Position in rune-row	4	4	25	26	4

The shape of the rune is likely from Neo-Etruscan a (), like Latin A ultimately from Phoenician aleph.

Name

In the Norwegian rune poem, óss is given a meaning of "estuary" while in the Anglo-Saxon one, ōs ᚩ takes the Latin meaning of "mouth". The Younger Futhark rune is transliterated as ą to distinguish it from the new ár rune (ᛅ), which continues the jēran rune after loss of prevocalic *j- in Proto-Norse *jár (Old Saxon jār).

Since the name of a is attested in the Gothic alphabet as ahsa or aza, the common Germanic name of the rune may thus either have been *ansuz "god", or *ahsam "ear (of wheat)".

Development in Anglo-Saxon runes

The Anglo-Saxon futhorc split the Elder Futhark a rune into three independent runes due to the development of the vowel system in Anglo-Frisian. These three runes are ōs ᚩ (transliterated o), āc "oak" ᚪ (transliterated a), and æsc ᚫ "ash" (transliterated æ).^[1]

Development in Younger Futhark

Further information: Old Norse orthography and Medieval runes

Variations of the rune in Younger Futhark.

The Younger Futhark corresponding to the Elder Futhark ansuz rune is ᚬ, called óss. It is transliterated as ą. This represented the phoneme /ɑ̃/, and sometimes /æ/ (also written ᛅ) and /o/ (also written ᚢ). The variant grapheme ᚯ became independent as representing the phoneme /ø/ during the 11th to 14th centuries.

Rune poems

It is mentioned in all three rune poems:

Rune Poem:[2]	English Translation:
Old Norwegian ᚬ Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða.	Estuary is the way of most journeys; but a scabbard is of swords.
Old Icelandic ᚬ Óss er alldingautr ok ásgarðs jǫfurr ok valhallar vísi; Jupiter oddviti	Aesir (Odin) is olden Gaut and Asgard's chief and Valhall's leader; Latin analog to Odin + heiti for King
Old English ᚩ Ōs bẏþ ordfruma ælcre spræce wisdomes wraþu and witena frofur, and eorla gehwam eadnẏs and tohiht.	The mouth is the source of all language, a pillar of wisdom and a comfort to wise men, a blessing and a joy to every knight.
Notes: In the Icelandic poem, Óss refers to Odin.