Apitoxin

Apitoxin or bee venom is the venom produced by the honey bee. It is a cytotoxic and hemotoxic bitter colorless liquid containing proteins, which may produce local inflammation. It may have similarities to sea nettle toxin.^[1]

Components

Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins and smaller molecules.

The main component is melittin, which amounts to 52% of venom peptides^[2] One of the main allergens is phospholipase A₂, which amounts to 12% and is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids, causing degradation of cell membranes.^[3] Adolapin^[4] contributes 2–5% of the peptides.^[5][6] Further protein components include apamin (2%), a neurotoxin, hyaluronidase (2%), which dilates blood vessels, increasing their permeability and facilitating the spread of the venom,^[3] mast cell degranulating peptide (2%), tertiapin, and secapin.^[7] Small molecules in bee venom include histamine (0.1–1%), dopamine and noradrenaline.^[8]

Research

Mark Crislip, a practicing infectious disease specialist, examined the claims that bee venom can treat arthritis. He was unable to "find a clean, i.e., a non-TCPM based, randomized, placebo-controlled study of bee venom in humans for the treatment [of] arthritis."^[9]

Bee venom is also considered ineffective for the treatment or prevention of cancer, with no clinical studies to date supporting such effects.^[10] According to the American Cancer Society, there is no scientific evidence that apitherapy or bee venom therapy can treat or change the course of cancer or any other disease.^[11] Clinical trials have shown that apitherapy is ineffective in treating multiple sclerosis or any other disease, and can exacerbate multiple sclerosis symptoms.^[12]

See also

• Apitherapy
• Bee sting
• Beekeeping
• Hive management
• Honeybee