Astraea (gastropod)

Astraea is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.^[2]

Astraea Temporal range: Paleocene - Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
a shell of Astraea heliotropium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Vetigastropoda
Order:	Trochida
Superfamily:	Trochoidea
Family:	Turbinidae
Genus:	Astraea Röding, 1798[1]
Type species
Trochus imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Synonyms[2]
Astrea Link, 1807 (misspelling) Canthorbis Swainson, 1840 Imperator Montfort, 1810

Fossil Bolma rugosa with signs of crab predation; Pliocene of Cyprus.

Fossil shell of Astraea fimbriata from Pliocene of Italy.

Etymology

The Latin genus Astraea means star, with reference to the star-shape of these snails, also commonly called star shells.^[3]

Description

Shells of species within this genus can reach a size of about 60 millimetres (2.4 in). They have the appearance of a smooth conical shell. The outer edges of the coiled whorls are quite flattened, with prominent axial sculpture. Below widely, it is umbilicate and concave.^[3]

Species

Extant species within this genus include:^[4]

• Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784)

Fossil records

This genus is known in the fossil records from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (age range: from 61.7 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the sediments of Europe, Australia, United States, Japan, Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil.^[5]

Species

Extinct species within this genus include:^[5]

• †Astraea (Liotiastralium) venezuelana Weisbord 1962
• †Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale 1931
• †Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey 1932
• †Astraea (Vitiastraea) holmesi Ladd 1966
• † Astraea bicarinata Suter, 1917
• †Astraea fimbriata Borson 1821^[6]
• Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784)
• †Astraea stellare Gmelin 1791
• † Astraea stirps Laws, 1932
• †Astraea tentoriiformis Jonas, 1844

Species brought into synonymy

• †Astraea (Australium) rhodestoma Lamarck 1822: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea americana (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lithopoma americanum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Astraea andersoni (Smith, 1902): synonym of Bolma andersoni (Smith, 1902)
• Astraea babelis (P. Fischer, 1874): synonym of Uvanilla babelis (P. Fischer, 1874)
• Astraea brevispina (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of Lithopoma brevispina (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea buschii (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Uvanilla buschii (Philippi, 1844)
• Astraea calcar (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Astraea cookii (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Cookia sulcata (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea cubanum Philippi, 1849: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea danieli Alf & Kreipl, 2006: synonym of Astralium danieli (Alf & Kreipl, 2006)
• Astraea dominicana A. H. Verrill, 1950: synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Astraea gilchristi (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of Bolma bathyraphis (E. A. Smith, 1899)
• Astraea heimburgi (Dunker, 1882): synonym of Astralium heimburgi (Dunker, 1882)
• Astraea hokianga Laws, 1948: synonym of Bembicium hokianga (Laws, 1948)
• Astraea imbricata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea imbricatum Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea jacquelineae Marche-Marchad, 1957: synonym of Bolma jacquelineae (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
• Astraea johnstoni (Odhner, 1923): synonym of Bolma johnstoni (Odhner, 1923)
• Astraea lapidifera Röding, 1798: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
• Astraea latispina (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Astralium latispina (Philippi, 1844)
• Astraea longispina Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Lithopoma phoebium longispina (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea milloni B. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973: synonym of Astralium milloni (B. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973)
• Astraea olfersii (Philippi, 1846): synonym of Lithopoma americanum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Astraea olivacea (W. Wood, 1828): synonym of Uvanilla olivacea (W. Wood, 1828)
• Astraea papillatum Potiez & Michaud, 1838: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea persica Dall, 1907: synonym of Bolma persica (Dall, 1907)
• Astraea petrothauma Berry, 1940: synonym of Megastraea turbanica (Dall, 1910)
• Astraea phoebia Röding, 1798: synonym of Lithopoma phoebium (Röding, 1798)
• Astraea polaris Röding, 1798: synonym of Stellaria solaris (Linnaeus, 1764)
• Astraea rhodostoma Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
• Astraea rupicollina Stohler, 1959: synonym of Megastraea turbanica (Dall, 1910)
• Astraea semicostata (Kiener, 1850): synonym of Astralium semicostatum (Kiener, 1850)
• Astraea sirius Hedley, C., 1923: synonym of Astralium tentoriiforme (Jonas, 1845)
• Astraea spirata (Dall, 1911): synonym of Pomaulax spiratus (Dall, 1911)
• Astraea sulcata (Martyn, 1784): synonym of Cookia sulcata (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880): synonym of Bolma tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880)
• Astraea tectum Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786)
• Astraea tuber (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Astraea tuberosum: synonym of Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822)
• Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828): synonym for Lithopoma undosum (Wood, 1828)
• Astraea unguis (Wood, 1828): synonym of Uvanilla unguis (W. Wood, 1828)
• Astraea venezuelensis Flores & Caceres, 1984: synonym of Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758)