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Austronesian personal pronouns

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This article describes the personal pronoun systems of various Austronesian languages.

Proto-languages

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The Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian personal pronouns below were reconstructed by Robert Blust.[1]

More information Type of Pronoun, English ...

In 2006, Malcolm Ross also proposed seven different pronominal categories for persons. The categories are listed below, with the Proto-Austronesian first person singular ("I") given as examples.[2]

  1. Neutral (e.g., PAN *i-aku)
  2. Nominative 1 (e.g., PAN *aku)
  3. Nominative 2 (e.g., PAN *=ku, *[S]aku)
  4. Accusative (e.g., PAN *i-ak-ən)
  5. Genitive 1 (e.g., PAN *=[a]ku)
  6. Genitive 2 (e.g., PAN *(=)m-aku)
  7. Genitive 3 (e.g., PAN *n-aku)

The following is from Ross' 2002 proposal of the Proto-Austronesian pronominal system, which contains five categories, including the free (i.e., independent or unattached), free polite, and three genitive categories.

More information Free, Free polite ...
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Formosan languages

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Rukai

Below are Rukai pronouns from Zeitoun (1997).[3] Paul Jen-kuei Li's classification of Rukai dialects is given for reference.

  • Rukai
    • Mantauran (萬山 Wanshan) – 250-300 speakers
    • (Main branch)
      • Maga-Tona
        • Maga (馬加 Majia)
        • Tona (多納 Duona)
      • Budai-Tanan (Rukai Proper)
        • Budai (霧台 Wutai)
        • Tanan (大南 Danan)
More information Type of Pronoun, Topic ...
More information Type of Pronoun, Topic ...
More information Type of Pronoun, Topic ...

Tsouic

The personal pronouns below are from the Tfuya dialect of Tsou, and are sourced from Zeitoun (2005:277).[4] Note that third-person pronouns are distinguished between those that are visible (abbreviated vis. below) or non-visible.

More information Type of Pronoun, Free (neutral) ...

Northwestern Formosan

Pazeh

The Pazeh personal pronouns below are from Li (2000).[5] (Note: vis. = visible, prox. = proximal)

More information Type of Pronoun, Neutral ...

Saisiyat

Saisiyat has an elaborate pronominal system (Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).[6]

More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative ...

Thao

The Thao personal pronouns below are from Blust (2003:207).[7] Note that there is only 1 form each for "we (exclusive)," "you (plural)" and "they."

More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative ...

Favorlang

The following Favorlang personal pronouns are from Li (2003:8). All of them are free forms. All genitive pronouns end with -a.

More information Type of Pronoun, Neutral ...

Atayalic

The Wulai and Mayrinax Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995).[11] In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound).

Wulai Atayal

More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative ...

Mayrinax Atayal

More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative ...

Teruku Seediq

More information Type of Pronoun, Direct ...

East Formosan

Siraya

The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997).[13]

More information Type of Pronoun, Free ...

Taivoan

The Taivoan personal pronouns:[14][15][16]

More information Type of Pronoun, Independent ...

Kavalan

The Kavalan personal pronouns below are from Li (2006:30).[17]

More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative ...

Basay

The Basay personal pronouns below are from Li (1999:639).[18]

More information Type of Pronoun, Neutral ...

Bunun

Takivatan Bunun personal pronoun roots are (De Busser 2009:453):[19]

  • 1s: -ak-
  • 2s: -su-
  • 3s: -is-
  • 1p (incl.): -at-
  • 1p (excl.): -ðam-
  • 2p: -(a)mu-
  • 3p: -in-

The tables of Takivatan Bunun personal pronouns below are sourced from De Busser (2009:441).

More information Type of Pronoun, Root ...
More information Singular, Plural ...

Iskubun Bunun personal pronouns are somewhat different (De Busser 2009:454).

More information Type of Pronoun, Agent ...

Paiwan

The Kuɬaɬau Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982:14).

More information Type of Pronoun, Equational ...

Puyuma

The Nanwang Puyuma personal pronouns below are from Teng (2008:61-64).

More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative ...
More information Type of Pronoun, Nominative (Subject) ...
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Malayo-Polynesian languages

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Philippine languages

Ilokano

Ilokano personal pronouns distinguish three cases: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. They also distinguish three numbers: singular, dual and plural.

Accent marks in the following table are not written, but given here for pronunciation purposes.

More information Absolutive, Ergative ...

Tagalog

Like nouns, Tagalog personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive.

More information Direct (ang), Indirect (ng) ...

Cebuano

Like nouns, Cebuano personal pronouns are categorized by case.

More information Kinsa, Tag-iya (primary) ...

*The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective.
**The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped.

When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form.

More information Kinsa, Tag-iya (primary) ...

*When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko.

Malay

The informal pronouns aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami, and kita are indigenous to Malay. However, there are more personal pronouns according to formality, see more at Malay grammar.

More information Person, Malay ...
Possessive pronouns

Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".

More information Pronoun, Enclitic ...

Javanese

More information Person, Javanese ...

Javanese lacks some personal pronouns. For the first person plural, Javanese use awaké dhèwè, literally meaning "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just dhèwè, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For the third person singular, Javanese uses dhèwèké that means "itself" (cf. Malay: dirinya), from dhèwè (self, alone) + -k- (archaic glottal stop)+ -(n)é (3rd person possessive enclitic), or wongé' (cf. Malay: orangnya) that means "the person", from wong (person)+ -(n)é (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative). The rest of plural pronouns uses words kabèh/sedaya/sedanten, all of them meaning "all" after the singular form.

Possessive pronouns

Aku, kowé, and dhèwèké have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns: griyané kula, omahé awaké dhèwè, dalemipun panjenengan "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)".

More information Pronoun, Enclitic ...

Polynesian languages

Tongan

The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb) or postposed (after the verb). The first are the normal pronouns, the latter the stressed pronouns, which are also used as reflexive pronouns.

More information Position, Singular ...

Samoan

Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker.

More information singular, dual ...

In formal speech, fuller forms of the roots mā-, tā-, and lā- are ‘imā-, ‘itā-, and ‘ilā-.

Hawaiian

More information Singular (1), Dual (2) ...

The a-class possessive pronouns refer to alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses. The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts.[29]

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See also

Notes and references

Further reading

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