Barytherium

Barytherium (meaning "heavy beast") is a genus of an extinct genus of large primitive proboscideans that lived during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in North Africa. The type species is Barytherium grave, found at the beginning of the 20th century in Fayum, Egypt.^[1] Since then, more complete specimens have been found at Dor el Talha, Libya. More fossils were also discovered in 2011 in the Aidum area in Dhofar by Oman's Ministry of Heritage and Culture, which was named Barytherium omansi.^[2]

Barytherium Temporal range: Late Eocene–Early Oligocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skull drawing
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Proboscidea
Family:	†Barytheriidae
Genus:	†Barytherium C.W. Andrews, 1901
Type species
†Barytherium grave C.W. Andrews, 1901
Species
†B. grave †B. omansi

Description

Life restoration.

The barytheriids were the first large proboscideans to appear in the fossil records. Barytherium itself stood about 1.8–2.0 m tall at the shoulder and weighed around 2 tonnes.^[3] Barytherium spp. had eight very short tusks, four each in the upper and lower jaws, which resembled those of a modern hippopotamus more than those of an elephant. The upper pairs were vertical, while the lower pairs projected forwards from the mouth horizontally. Together, these would have created a shearing action for cropping plants.^[4]

The elevated nasal region of Barytherium suggests that it may have had a well developed snout or a tapir-like proboscis.^[5]

Taxonomy

 A cladogram of Proboscidea based on the phylogenetic analysis of Hautier et al. 2021 is below:^[6]

Proboscidea	Eritherium Phosphatherium Daouitherium Numidotherium Barytherium Arcanotherium Omanitherium Saloumia Moeritherium Deinotheriidae Elephantiformes Dagbatitherium Palaeomastodon Phiomia Elephantimorpha

Palaeoecology

Tooth enamel δ¹⁸O values from Barytherium show that it lived a semiaquatic lifestyle. Its δ¹³C values indicate consumption of aquatic vegetation.^[7]