Basic Color Terms

For the concept, see Color term.

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (1969; ISBN 1-57586-162-3) is a book by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay. Berlin and Kay's work proposed that the basic color terms in a culture, such as black, brown, or red, are predictable by the number of color terms the culture has. All cultures have terms for black/dark and white/bright. If a culture has three color terms, the third is red. If a culture has four, it has either yellow or green. (Note that this counts only the "basic" color terms. It does not include terms or descriptions such as "light blue", "carrot-colored", or "taupe". For more information, see the page on color terms.)

Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution

First edition
Author	Brent Berlin and Paul Kay
Language	English
Genre	Linguistics
Publisher	University of California Press
Publication date	1969
Publication place	Berkeley, California, USA
Media type	Print
Pages	178
ISBN	1-57586-162-3
LC Class	P341.B4

Berlin and Kay posit seven levels in which cultures fall, with Stage I languages having only the colors black (dark–cool) and white (light–warm). Languages in Stage VII have eight or more basic color terms. This includes English, which has eleven basic color terms. The authors theorize that as languages evolve, they acquire new basic color terms in a strict chronological sequence; if a basic color term is found in a language, then the colors of all earlier stages should also be present. The sequence is as follows:

• Stage I: Dark-cool and light-warm (this covers a larger set of colors than just English "black" and "white".)
• Stage II: Red
• Stage III: Either green or yellow
• Stage IV: Both green and yellow
• Stage V: Blue
• Stage VI: Brown
• Stage VII: Purple, pink, orange, or gray

The work has achieved widespread influence. However, the constraints in color-term ordering have been substantially loosened, both by Berlin and Kay in later publications and by various critics. Barbara Saunders questioned the methodologies of data collection and the cultural assumptions underpinning the research,^[1] as has Stephen C. Levinson.^[2]

One concern is whether the concept requires too much discretion when deciding what counts as a "Basic" color term, or which color divisions count as essentially the same.

Should light blue/azure be included with the stage VII color terms, even though it isn't basic in English? Is "orange" truly a "basic" term in English, and if so, is the selection of which terms are basic influenced by either the theory or historical accidents of European cultures? Are these color divisions for Gaelic or the Himba people fully compatible with the dark/light, then red, then yellow and green, then blue expectation?

Color wheel with Irish Gaelic color terms, explaining that glas ("pale blue/grey/green") and gorm ("deep blue/grey/green") are distinguished based on intensity (luminosity) rather than hue. Similarly, buí refers not only to "yellow" and "gold", but pale browns as "buff beige" and "ochre", while dunn is for darker browns. Rua refers to red of hair (fox, robin), whereas dearg refers to red of blood and bándearg is "pale red". Then, Bán, fionn, geal, and liath all refer to varying degrees of brightness or "fairness" — without mapping clearly only the English "white" — against dubh for "dark" or "black".

Names of colors in Otjiherero

See also

• Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
• Blue–green distinction in language
• Color blindness