Battle of Dettingen

The Battle of Dettingen ^[c] took place on 27 June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession, near Karlstein am Main in Bavaria. An alliance composed of British, Hanoverian and Austrian troops, known as the Pragmatic Army,^[d] defeated a French force commanded by the Duke of Noailles.

Battle of Dettingen
Part of War of the Austrian Succession
George II at Dettingen, a 1902 painting by Robert Alexander Hillingford
Date 27 June 1743 Location Karlstein am Main, Bavaria 50°2′56″N 9°1′6″E Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Great Britain Hanover Austria	France
Commanders and leaders
George II Earl of Stair Duke of Arenberg von Neipperg Johann Georg von Ilten	Duke of Noailles Duke of Gramont Duke of Harcourt
Strength
35,000[1][2]	23,000[2]
Casualties and losses
2,332[3][a]	3,000–4,500[1][5][b]

While the Earl of Stair exercised operational control, the Allies were nominally commanded by George II of Great Britain, and Dettingen was the last time a reigning British monarch led troops in combat. The battle had little impact on the wider war, and has been described as 'a happy escape, rather than a great victory.'^[6]

Background

The immediate cause of the War of the Austrian Succession was the death in 1740 of Emperor Charles VI, last male Habsburg in the direct line, leaving his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as heir to the Habsburg monarchy.^[e] Since Salic law barred women from the Habsburg succession, the Imperial Diet passed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 allowing Maria Theresa to inherit, but the law was challenged by Charles Albert of Bavaria, the closest male heir.^[7]

An internal dynastic dispute became a European issue, since the Monarchy was the most powerful single element in the Holy Roman Empire. A federation of mostly German states, it was headed by the Holy Roman Emperor, in theory an elected position but held by the Habsburgs since 1440. In January 1742, Charles of Bavaria became the first non-Habsburg emperor in 300 years, with the support of France, Prussia and Saxony. Austria and Maria Theresa were backed by the Pragmatic Allies, Britain, Hanover and the Dutch Republic.^[8]

French commander de Noailles

In December 1740, Prussia invaded Silesia, a wealthy Austrian province that produced 10% of total imperial income.^[9] This was followed by France, Saxony and Bavaria occupying Bohemia, while Spain also joined the war, hoping to regain possessions in Northern Italy lost in 1713. To relieve the pressure, in early 1742 Britain agreed to send a naval squadron to the Mediterranean, and 17,000 troops to the Austrian Netherlands, under the Earl of Stair.^[10]

However, in June 1742 Austria made peace with Prussia in the Treaty of Breslau. This freed up resources for a campaign in Bavaria, most of which had been occupied by December, while the French armies were devastated by disease.^[11] The focus of the 1743 campaign switched to Germany; the Austrians defeated the Bavarians at Simbach and in mid-June, the Allied army arrived at Aschaffenburg, on the north bank of the River Main. Here they were joined by George II, who was attending the coronation of a new Elector of Mainz.^[12] By late June, the Allies were short of supplies and withdrew towards their nearest supply depot at Hanau. The road ran through Dettingen, where the French commander Noailles, had positioned 23,000 troops under his nephew Gramont.^[13]

Battle

Mainz

Frankfurt

Aschaffenburg

Hanau

Wiesbaden

Dettingen

Kassel

The Battle of Dettingen; key locations. Note river line (in blue)

Around 1:00 am on 27 June, the Allies left Aschaffenburg in three columns, and marched along the north bank of the Main, heading for Hanau.^[14] The French position at Dettingen was extremely strong; De Gramont's infantry held a line anchored on the village, and running to the Spessart Heights, with the cavalry on level ground to their left. Noailles instructed de Vallière to place his guns on the south bank of the Main, which allowed them to fire on the Allied left.^[15]

Inadequate reconnaissance due to poorly-led cavalry was a problem for the Allies throughout the war, and the French presence in Dettingen took them by surprise. When Noailles sent another 12,000 troops over the River Main at Aschaffenburg, into the Allied rear, he had high hopes of destroying their entire army. Ilton, commander of the Allied infantry, ordered the British and Hanoverian Foot Guards back to Aschaffenburg, while the remainder changed from column of march into four lines to attack the French position. As they did so, they were fired on by the French artillery, although this caused relatively few casualties.^[16]

Despite being ordered three times by Noailles to hold their position, around midday the elite Maison du Roi cavalry charged the Allied lines.^[17] Who initiated it is disputed, de Gramont being the most common choice; French historian De Périni suggests the Maison de Roi, who had not seen action since Malplaquet in 1709, saw an opportunity to win the battle on their own and led by the duc d'Harcourt, they broke through the first three lines, throwing the inexperienced British cavalry into confusion.^[18]

They were followed by the Gardes Françaises infantry, in a disjointed and piecemeal attack which forced de Vallière to cease fire for fear of hitting his own troops, allowing the British infantry in the fourth line to hold their ground.^[19] A Hanoverian artillery battery began firing at close range into the French infantry, while an Austrian brigade took them in the flank. After three hours of fighting, the French retreated to the left bank of the Main, most of their casualties occurring when one of the bridges collapsed.^[20] The Pragmatic Army continued towards Hanau; although it has been suggested that they could have exploited their victory, they were in no shape to attempt a contested river crossing.^[21] Their precarious position was demonstrated by the need to abandon their wounded in order to move faster.^[22]

Aftermath

The fighting at Dettingen, on 27 June 1743

Although George II handed out numerous promotions and rewards, Dettingen is generally viewed as a lucky escape. Forced to withdraw due to lack of supplies, the Allied army escaped but had to abandon their wounded, and might have suffered a serious defeat if Noailles' orders had been followed.^[23] The Allied cavalry performed woefully, failing to locate 23,000 men across their line of retreat, less than 13 km (8 mi) away, while many troopers were allegedly unable to control their horses.^[24] Only the infantry's training and discipline saved the army from destruction, and one of the training companies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst is named 'Dettingen' in recognition of this fact.^[25]

On 30 September, the Allies were reinforced by 14,000 Dutch troops under Count Nassau-Ouwekerk. However, as the French withdrawal had temporarily removed any threat to Hanover, George II decided to take end the campaign, against Stair's advice.^[26] They then took up winter quarters in the Netherlands.^[23] Noailles was appointed French Foreign Minister in early 1744, while de Gramont was killed at Fontenoy in 1745. The 70 year old Stair retired, and was replaced by the equally elderly George Wade.^[27]

In honour of the battle, and his patron George II, Handel composed the Dettingen Te Deum and Dettingen Anthem.^[28]

Notes

1. Other estimates suggest between 2,000 and 3,000^[4]
2. Hesse State Archive Marburg 21 WHK Wilhelmshöher Kriegskarten Bd. 21: Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg 1740–1748 bis zum Aachener Frieden Relation S3, gives a total of 4,104 killed or wounded. A German document gives somewhat higher totals for the artillery and cavalry; many drowned when a bridge collapsed, and 'missing' are not included
3. German: Schlacht bei Dettingen
4. Supporters of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 were generally known as the Pragmatic Allies
5. Often referred to as 'Austria', this included Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia and the Austrian Netherlands