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Bell Labs Holmdel Complex
Development in New Jersey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Bell Labs Holmdel Complex, in Holmdel Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, functioned for 44 years as a research and development facility, initially for the Bell System and later Bell Labs.[2] The centerpiece of the campus is an Eero Saarinen–designed structure. This modernist building, dubbed "The Biggest Mirror Ever" by Architectural Forum due to its mirror box exterior, was the site of a Nobel Prize discovery, the laser cooling work of Steven Chu.[12][13]
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Restructuring of the company's research efforts reduced the use of the Holmdel Complex, and in 2006 the building was put up for sale. The building has undergone renovations into a multi-purpose living and working space, dubbed Bell Works by its new found developers. Since 2013 it has been operated by Somerset Development, who redeveloped the building into a mixed-use office for high-tech startup companies.[14] The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.[11] A number of film, television series, and commercials have been filmed in and around Bell Works, including Severance, The Crowded Room, and Law & Order: Organized Crime.[15]
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History
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Early radio research
The history of the site as a research facility began in 1929, when Bell Laboratories purchased farmland in Holmdel, New Jersey to establish a radio reception laboratory. This new facility was intended to replace a smaller tract in Cliffwood, New Jersey which had been used from 1919 to 1930. The Holmdel laboratory, operating together with a transmitter laboratory in Deal, New Jersey, was used by the Bell Labs Radio Research Division to conduct experiments on shortwave radio transmission and reception. The objective of these facilities was the development of apparatus and methods to improve the reliability of the Bell System's transatlantic radiotelephone services.[16]
This site is recognized as the birthplace of radio astronomy. In 1932, Bell Laboratories scientist Karl Guthe Jansky was working to identify sources of static interference which degraded shortwave radio links. Jansky used a 95-foot (29 m) rotatable direction-finding antenna, a "Bruce Array" developed by Edmond Bruce, mounted on Ford Model T truck wheels to allow it to scan the horizon.[17] While Jansky initially classified the noise as "a steady hiss type static of unknown origin" in December 1932,[18] further analysis revealed that it originated not from Earth, but from the center of the Milky Way galaxy.[19] He published this conclusion in October 1933.[20] A monument commemorating this discovery was dedicated onsite in 1998 at the former antenna location (40°21′54.5″N 74°9′48.9″W), oriented to match the alignment of the antenna at the moment of discovery on September 16, 1932.[21][22]
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Beyond Jansky's work, this site was a center for other foundational research in telecommunications. One development was the experimental "MUSA" (Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna) system, created by Harald T. Friis and C.B. Feldman, to mitigate fading and distortion caused by multi-path transmission.[23] The system consisted of six rhombic antennas, a design invented at the site by Edmond Bruce, extending over 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) and aligned with a transmitter in England. The MUSA system allowed engineers to electronically steer the angle of reception along the vertical axis, yielding a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of seven to eight decibels over the best fixed antennas of the era.[24] During tests in 1935, the system inadvertently detected Jansky's "star static" emanating from the Cygnus region, marking the first detection of an astronomical source by an interferometer.[17]
At the same time, research on waveguides by George Clark Southworth beginning in 1931 was moved to the Holmdel site in 1934.[25] There, he successfully demonstrated that electric waves with wavelengths on the order of 10 cm could be transmitted through metal tubes without a return conductor, a development that offered the potential to carry wide frequency bands. The Physical Research Department also used the site's open spaces for acoustic research. This involved placing a sound source at the center of a 100-foot square concrete platform to study the directional perception of the human ear and diffraction issues related to microphone baffles.[16]
In subsequent years, radio astronomy and similar research was done at the separate Crawford Hill annex facility,[26] some three miles (4.8 km) away from the main Holmdel complex.[27]
Construction and early years
In 1957, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) began to plan a research laboratory in Holmdel Township in Central New Jersey.[9] Constructed between 1959 and 1962, the complex design was one of the final projects of Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen before his death in 1961.[8] Used as a research and development complex, it served the needs of the Bell Laboratories division of AT&T.[9] Basic research, applied hardware development, and software development occurred in the building.
The building's distinctive features, including its mirror-like appearance, led to recognition as the Laboratory of the Year by R&D in 1967.[28]
The building was expanded in 1966 and 1982 to its final size of two million square feet (190,000 m2) of office and laboratory space.[29] Despite these expansions, the original curtain wall design remained intact, as did the unique layout of the site, which included a large elliptical master plan and country-road like approach. Over its active life-span, the facility and its layout were studied in universities as models of modernist architecture.[30] Internally, the building was divided into four pavilions of labs and offices, each separated from the others by a cross-shaped atrium. The internal pavilions were linked via sky-bridges and perimeter walkway.[9]
The water tower on the complex is a three-legged design that reminded people of a transistor. Despite the lack of any documented historical evidence, an urban legend claims that the designer intentionally modelled the tower on the form of a transistor.[31] The tower was still in usable condition more than 40 years after its construction.[32]
Decline and preservation efforts
Bell Labs subsequently became part of Lucent, and then Alcatel-Lucent.[33]
In 2006, Alcatel-Lucent contracted to sell the two-million-square-foot (190,000 m2) facility to Preferred Real Estate Investments, during the process of restructuring the company's research efforts.[13] Despite initial plans to maintain the original buildings and keep the six-story complex as a corporate office park, Preferred later sought to rezone it as residential property.[29][31][34]
As a result, the complex was added to The Cultural Landscape Foundation's list of 10 Most Endangered Historic Sites in New Jersey in May 2007.[12] Additionally, action led to the creation of a citizen's group, Preserving Holmdel, by former Bell employees, to lobby for keeping the complex as it was when in use as a laboratory.[35] A report by Preservation New Jersey contemplated changes to the property, including ideas such as a university center, recreational complex, and a healthcare facility.[36]
The transaction with Preferred Real Estate Investments did not close, and on May 17, 2012, Holmdel Township declared the site as an "Area in Need of Redevelopment"[37] and adopted a redevelopment plan for the property that included various adaptive reuses of the main building, the construction of up to 40 single-family homes, and 185 age-restricted townhomes outside the main ring road surrounding the building. The plan was based on a concept proposed by Inspired by Somerset Development (then Somerset Development).[38]
In September 2013, the property was officially purchased by Inspired by Somerset Development – which submitted a concept plan in accordance with Holmdel Township's redevelopment plan for $27 million.[39] Inspired by Somerset Development proposed an adaptive reuse project that included offices, a health and wellness center, restaurants, shopping, a spa, and a 20,000-square-foot public library. Recreational space and luxury homes were planned for the surrounding land; national homebuilder Toll Brothers was slated to be the residential developer of the project.
Alexander Gorlin served as the architect for the projects and introduced new designs, which included[40] opening up the laboratory spaces with atrium light by replacing Saarinen's metal panels with glass, redesigning the two 1,000 by 100 foot (305 m × 30 m) atria floors, and replacing skylights with transparent photovoltaic panels. As a result of these design improvements, the building won numerous design and architecture awards, including the Docomomo US Modernism in America Award,[41] Starnet Commercial Flooring Design Award,[42] and the Azure Awards, Architecture Adaptive Re-Use category.[43]
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Redevelopment
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Transition to mixed-use facility
In 2013, Inspired by Somerset Development officially secured ownership of the Bell Labs site and signed a deal with Toll Brothers to sell 103 acres (42 ha) of land to develop 225 homes on a portion of the property between the main building and Crawfords Corner Road while retaining the entirety of the Eero Saarinen-designed structure. This deal with Toll Brothers helped provide the capital for Inspired by Somerset Development to pursue its New Urbanism-inspired redevelopment plan at Bell Labs. The plan aimed to transform the site from office-lab to a space that would provide the Holmdel Township community–and other nearby residents–with access to the benefits traditionally associated with an urban environment (shops, dining, retail, library, offices, etc.) while preserving the structure of an iconic piece of mid-twentieth-century architecture.[44]
Finding that these redevelopment plans satisfied requirements for residential zoning and preservation standards for the property, Holmdel Township officially approved Somerset Development to move forward with the redevelopment of Bell Labs in August 2013.[45] The project was a massive undertaking: The lobby was overgrown with plants and the quarter-mile-long roof leaked. Ralph Zucker, chief executive officer and founder of Inspired by Somerset Development, assembled a team of architects, designers, and marketers, including Alexander Gorlin Architects, The Garibaldi Group, Co Op Brand Partners, and NPZ Style + Décor.
The township and Inspired by Somerset Development concluded a lease agreement for $0 to house the Holmdel Township branch of the Monmouth County Library at Bell Works. This represented a significant increase in space for the library, which went from 3,000 square feet (280 m2) to 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2).[46]
Current use and community impact
Bell Works has been described as a "metroburb" by Inspired by Somerset CEO Ralph Zucker, who defined it as a "an urban hub — a core, a metropolis — in a suburban location".[47][48] According to Bell Works, a metroburb is "a little metropolis in suburbia... A large-scale mixed-use building, with great access, office, retail, entertainment, hospitality, residential, health, wellness, fitness, everything you would find in a metropolis but in a great suburban location."[49] Bell Works' success as a proof of concept for the metroburb was supported by its new workspace typology, one which used the scale of Bell Works to simulate the density of urban cityscapes within the office while providing a degree of flexibility and modularity that is difficult to achieve outside of a suburban environment.[50] As of 2019[update], more than 90 percent of the campus's office space was leased.
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Today, Bell Works's quarter-mile-long atrium has been reimagined into a publicly accessible pedestrian street with shops, restaurants, healthcare, community services, and more.[49] In addition to offering retail and office space, Bell Works hosts conferences and events, including the annual Fourth of July Fireworks.[51] The building, which is open seven days a week, is home to public assets such as the Holmdel Library and Learning Center along with farmers' markets and holiday celebrations. It also contains a 285-seat theater, opened in 2024 in what was formerly a lecture hall at the laboratory.[52][53] Bell Theater is curated by the Axelrod Performing Arts Center located in Deal.[54]
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Popular culture
The complex has been used as a filming location for various film, television, and commercial productions.
It is most notably used as the setting for the American science-fiction psychological-thriller television series Severance on Apple TV+ as the fictional corporate headquarters of Lumon Industries. Most exterior building shots, parking lot shots, and some interior shots of the ground floors and above the building are used in the show.[55]
Other productions filmed onsite include Jules, Space Cadet, and episodes of the TV series The Crowded Room, Law and Order: Organized Crime, and Emergence. The complex has also been used for commercials and editorial shoots by brands such as AARP, Cadillac, Lincoln, Michael Kors, Verizon, and Zara.[15]
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External links
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