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Bernhard Vechtel
German fighter ace and Knight's Cross recipient From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bernhard Vechtel (31 July 1920 – 21 August 1975) was a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 14. Staffel (14th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing). Vechtel was credited with 108 aerial victories in a total of 860 combat missions, all on the Eastern Front.[1] Vechtel died on 21 August 1975 in Speyer.
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Early life and career
Vechtel was born on 31 July 1920 in Vohren, present-day part of Warendorf, at the time in the Province of Westphalia in the Weimar Republic. Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 2 May 1942.[3] There, he was assigned to the 10. Staffel (10th squadron) which was subordinated to the IV. Gruppe (4th group) of JG 51. At the time, 10. Staffel was headed by Leutnant Horst Haase while IV. Gruppe was commanded by Hauptmann Johann Knauth and based at an airfield in Vyazma on the Eastern Front.[4]
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World War II
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World War II in Europe had begun on Friday, 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In June 1941, German forces had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. In May 1942, IV. Gruppe was briefly withdrawn from combat for a period of maintenance and equipment overhaul at Smolensk. They were then sent to Dugino where it was tasked with providing fighter cover over the left flank of Army Group Center in vicinity of the 9th Army.[5]
On 30 July 1942, the Soviet Kalinin Front launched the First Rzhev–Sychyovka Offensive Operation with the objective to crush the Rzhev salient held by the 9th Army.[6] Vechtel claimed his first aerial victory on 2 August 1942 over an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft northeast of Rzhev.[7][8] By the end of 1942, he had claimed five further aerial victories and had been awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse).[9] In March 1943, the Gruppe had just completed conversion from the Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 and was based at Smolensk. In that combat area, Army Group Centre had launched Operation Büffel, a series of retreats eliminating the Rzhev salient.[10] On 21 March, IV. Gruppe was ordered to Bryansk where it was deployed over the left wing of Army Group Centre.[11] In August 1943, JG 51 fought in the Soviet Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation where his Gruppe supported the 8th Army.[12]
On 3 January 1944, Vechtel was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) and the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 28 January 1944.[9] In May 1944, IV. Gruppe of JG 51 was based at Lysiatychi.[13] Here on 1 May, Vechtel claimed JG 51s 8000th aerial victory of the war, this was his 66th claim.[14] On 22 June, Soviet forces launched Operation Bagration, the strategic offensive operation against Army Group Centre. In consequence, IV. Gruppe was moved to Mogilev that day and to an airfield named Bayary located 92 kilometers (57 miles) northeast of Minsk and 13 kilometers (8.1 miles) east of Barysaw.[15] Following the German retreat, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Lida, which is 150 kilometers (93 miles) west of Minsk, on 3 July.[16]
Vechtel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 27 July 1944 after 79 aerial victories.[17][18] Following his return from home leave, Vechtel had been promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) and served with 11. Staffel, also a squadron of IV. Gruppe.[14] On 28 August, IV. Gruppe moved to Modlin Airfield located approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles) northwest of Warsaw. Here, the Gruppe predominately flew combat missions to the area north and northeast of Warsaw.[19] On 15 August, as part of the group expansion from three Staffeln per Gruppe to four Staffeln per Gruppe, 10. Staffel was re-designated and became the 13. Staffel while Vechtel's 11. Staffel became the 14. Staffel of JG 51.[20] On 1 September, Vechtel was shot down and wounded by anti-aircraft artillery in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 163631—factory number) 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) northwest of Wyszków.[21]
Squadron leader and end of war
On 11 December 1944, Vechtel was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 14. Staffel of JG 51, also a squadron of IV. Gruppe. He replaced Oberleutnant Horst Walther who was transferred. At the time, the Gruppe was commanded by Major Heinz Lange and was based at Modlin.[22][23] Soviet forces launched the Vistula–Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945. Two days later, Soviet forces reached Modlin, forcing VI. Gruppe to move to Danzig-Langfuhr, present-day Wrzeszcz, Poland.[24] On 25 March 1945, Vechtel was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 99th Luftwaffe pilot to have shot down 100 aircraft.[25] On 1 May, JG 51 received the order to relocate to Flensburg in northern Germany. Some of the pilots decided for themselves that the war was lost and deserted, including Vechtel. On 2 May, he refused to fly to Flensburg and led a Schwarm close to his hometown Warendorf near Münster. There, he arrived with two other pilots, a fourth pilot was shot down and captured by British forces.[26]
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Later life
Vechtel died on 21 August 1975 at the age of 55 in Speyer, West Germany.[14] He was buried at the Speyer Cemetery.[27]
Summary of career
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Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Vechtel was credited with 108 aerial victories.[28] Spick and Weal also list him with 108 aerial victories claimed in 860 combat missions, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[1][29] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and also state that he claimed 108 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. However, not all of his claims can be verified through the archives.[30]
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 47682". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[31]
Awards
- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class[9]
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 3 April 1944 as Feldwebel and pilot[51]
- German Cross in Gold on 28 January 1944 as Feldwebel in the 10./Jagdgeschwader 51[52]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944 as pilot and Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel in the 10./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"[53][54]
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Notes
- Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
- The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
- According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin La-5 at 18:57.[48]
- According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-9 at 16:35.[35]
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References
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