Bilberry

This article is about the wild "European" blueberry. For the commonly cultivated "American" blueberry, see Blueberry. For other uses, see Bilberry (disambiguation).

Bilberries (/ˈbɪlbəri/) also known as European blueberries^[1][2] or simply in europe as blueberries^[3][4][5] are Eurasian low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium in the flowering plant family Ericaceae that bear edible, dark-blue berries. They resemble but are distinct from North American blueberries.

Bilberries

The species most often referred to is Vaccinium myrtillus L., but the term describes several other closely related species.

Etymology and regional names

The name "bilberry" appears to have a Scandinavian origin, possibly from as early as 1577, while the earliest known English use of the name "blueberry" dates back to 1594, appearing in the Acts of Parliament of Scotland.^[6] The name "bilberry" is similar to the Danish word bølle for whortleberry with the addition of "berry".^[7] In Scandinavian languages, terms for bilberries have names that carry the meaning "blueberry": e.g. blåbär in Swedish and blåbær in Danish and Norwegian.^[1]

The bilberry (especially Vaccinium myrtillus) is often known as blaeberry /ˈbleɪbɛri/ in Scottish and Northern English regional dialects,^[8], whortleberry /ˈhwɜːrtəbri/ in southern England,^[8] and fraochán in Ireland.^[9][10] Other common names include simply blueberry,^[11][12] European blueberry, European Lowbush blueberry,^[13] wild blueberry,^{[14][better source needed]} whortleberry, wimberry and whinberry.^[4][1]

Description

Ripe bilberry and leaves

The interiors of bilberries (top) have dark-colored flesh, while bog bilberries (bottom) have pale flesh.

Bilberries, which are native to Europe, are different from North American blueberries, although the species are closely related and belong to the same genus, Vaccinium.

Bilberry are non-climacteric fruits with a smooth, circular outline at the end opposite the stalk, whereas American blueberries retain persistent sepals there, leaving a rough, star-shaped pattern of five flaps.^[15] Bilberries grow singly or in pairs rather than in clusters, as American blueberries do, and American blueberries have more evergreen leaves. Bilberries are dark in color, and often appear near black with a slight shade of purple.

Bilberries and blueberries contain diverse anthocyanins, specifically anthocyanidins, including delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides.^[16][17] While American blueberry fruit pulp is light green, V. myrtillus bilberry pulp is red or purple and V. uliginosum bog bilberry pulp is pale-colored. The high anthocyanin content of V. myrtillus may cause staining of the fingers, lips, and tongue.^[16]

Species

The term bilberries can describe several closely related species, which (except for V. uliginosum) are part of section Myrtillus:^[18]

• Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry)
• Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, bog whortleberry, bog huckleberry, northern bilberry, ground hurts)
• Vaccinium cespitosum Michx. (dwarf bilberry)
• Vaccinium deliciosum Piper (Cascade bilberry)
• Vaccinium membranaceum (mountain bilberry, black mountain huckleberry, black huckleberry, twin-leaved huckleberry)
• Vaccinium ovalifolium (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).

Ecology

Bilberry plants can suffer from bilberry blight,^[19] caused by Phytophthora kernoviae. There have been severe outbreaks in Staffordshire, England.^[20]

Bilberry is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.^{[citation needed]}

Harvesting

Closeup of bilberries

Bilberries are found in acidic, nutrient-poor soils throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the world. They are difficult to grow and the fruit is small, so they are seldom cultivated. Fruits are mostly collected from wild plants growing on publicly accessible lands throughout northern and central Europe where they are plentiful; for example, up to a fifth (17–21%) of the land area of Sweden contains bilberry bushes, where it is called blåbär (lit. "blueberry", which is a source of confusion with the North American blueberry).^[21] Bilberries can be picked by a berry-picking rake like lingonberries, but are more susceptible to damage. They are softer and juicier than American blueberries, making them difficult to transport. Because of these factors, fresh bilberries are only available from markets and gourmet stores.^{[citation needed]} Frozen bilberries, however, are available year round in many parts of Europe.^{[citation needed]}

In Iceland, bilberries (known as aðalbláber, or "prime blueberry") grow predominantly in Westfjords and the surrounding area. In most of the country, the subtype bog blueberry occupies the same habitat. Both species are commonly found growing with dwarf birch and crowberries. Wild growth is vast compared to the population of Iceland and wild harvesting is legal, and a popular activity in August when the berry season peaks.^{[citation needed]}

In Ireland, bilberries (known as fraochán) were traditionally gathered on the last Sunday in July, known as Bilberry Sunday, for the Celtic harvest festival of Lughnasadh which marked the end of the hungry month of July.^[9][10][22]

Uses

Bilberry pie, tarte aux myrtilles

The fruits are eaten fresh or made into jams, fools, juices, or pies. In France and Italy, they are used as a base for liqueurs and are a popular flavouring for sorbets and other desserts. In Brittany, they are often used as a flavouring for crêpes. In the Vosges and the Massif Central, bilberry tart (tarte aux myrtilles) is a traditional dessert. In Romania, they are used as a base for a liqueur called afinată – the name of the fruit in Romanian is afină. In Nordic countries, they are eaten fresh or made into jams and other dishes, including bilberry pie (Finnish mustikkapiirakka, Swedish blåbärspaj) and blåbärssoppa, a bilberry soup served hot or cold. In Iceland they are popularly eaten with skyr (a cultured dairy product similar to yoghurt). In Poland, they are eaten fresh (often mixed with sugar), as a filling in a sweet yeast-leavened bun known as jagodzianka, in jams, and with śmietana.

Research

Although bilberries have been used in traditional medicine, there are no proven health benefits or anti-disease effects from consuming them.^[23] One review of low-quality clinical research concluded there was no evidence that consuming bilberries improves night vision.^[24]