Bono Manso

For the town in the Western Region, see Manso Wassa.

Manso or Maaso, often referred to as Bono-Manso in historical contexts, was an urban centre of significant religious, political, and economic influence. It was situated on the northern forest savanna zone of Akan realm.^[1] Founded c. 1000 CE, it was the capital of the Bono state from the 11th century to 1723. Bono Manso flourished into a prominent and cosmopolitan centre of trade to the Bono state, attracting Muslim Juula from the Mali empire and several merchants across North and West Africa. According to oral traditions, merchants brought textiles, salt, and brass where they traded them for gold, kola, and slaves.^[2]

Manso Maaso (Akan)
Village
Manso Location of Manso in Bono East Region, Ghana
Coordinates: 7°42′04″N 1°50′46″W
Country	Ghana
Region	Bono East Region
Founded	c. 1000
Population
• Ethnicities	Akan Bono
Time zone	GMT
• Summer (DST)	GMT
Climate	Aw

Just like its twin-counterpart Begho, Bono Manso had a huge market called Dwabirem in the southwest direction, linking the sub-Saharan and ultimately European long distance trade. After the Asante destroyed Bono Manso in 1723, Techiman succeeded it. Presently, Bono Manso is a village north of Techiman in Ghana.^[3][4]

History

Early Occupation

Archaeologists date the founding of Bono-Manso to around 1000 CE,^[5] though evidence from both oral traditions and excavation suggests the region was already occupied by the descendants of proto-Akan communities by the late 12th to early 13th century.^[6][7] These early settlements were marked by sedentary village life, iron smelting, swish-walled dwellings, and red-burnished ceramics.^[5]

Located near the headwaters of the Tano River, Bono-Manso occupied a strategic position at the southern limit for safe caravan travel, just below the tsetse fly belt.^[8] This allowed the town to emerge as a primary node connecting the Akan goldfields with major northern markets like Djenné and Timbuktu.^[9]

State Formation and Growth

By the 14th and 15th centuries, Bono-Manso had evolved into a major commercial and ritual centre and the capital of Bonoman, the earliest of the Akan states.^[9][10] The town became the political seat of the Bonohene (king), whose rule was supported by a council and a network of subordinate towns and villages.^[11] It served as the apex of a four-tiered settlement hierarchy that extended across the Bono region.^[8]

Estimates by Effah-Gyamfi suggest Bono-Manso covered between 150–230 hectares and had a population of around 5,000.^[8] The town's economy revolved around gold, kola nuts, salt, leather, and textiles, regulated through market weights and scales overseen by chiefs and elders.^[12]

Nearby towns like Begho complemented Bono-Manso’s urban function as trade entrepôts for goods transported by Wangara merchants from the north.^[13] Imported goods such as mica-coated pottery, glass beads, and copper alloys found in both Bono-Manso and satellite villages like Kranka Dada point to widespread access to regional trade networks.^[14]

Politically, Bono-Manso was a decentralized paramountcy: authority was exercised through alliances and delegated rule rather than centralized bureaucracy. Sub-chiefs were posted to vassal towns and strategic frontier settlements.^[11]

Decline and Conquest

From the late 16th century onward, Bonoman came under increasing pressure from rival states such as the Gonja kingdom, internal succession disputes, and the effects of shifting trade routes toward the coast.^[15][16] As southern Akan polities like Denkyira and the Asante Empire secured access to European firearms and coastal commerce, Bono-Manso became increasingly isolated.^[17]

Internally, elite abuse and taxation sparked unrest. Oral traditions recall the unpopular reign of Ameyaw Kwakye I, who was accused of misusing power, ignoring sacred obligations, and extorting citizens.^[18] When the Asante invaded, Bono subjects reportedly refused to defend the town, declaring: “Se hene Ameyaw anya ne ko a onko nhye” (“If King Ameyaw has got his war, let him fight it all”).^[19]

In 1722–1723, Opoku Ware I led a successful Asante campaign against Bono-Manso. The capital was destroyed, and the king was taken to Kumasi along with his court regalia and elite craftsmen.^[20][21] A rump monarchy was re-established in Techiman, which continued under Asante suzerainty until the late 19th century.^[22]

Modern Context

In recent decades, Bono-Manso has been marketed locally as a site of slave-trading heritage. However, historians have found no evidence that it functioned as a major slave market—particularly one connected to the Atlantic slave trade. These claims appear to be modern reinterpretations for tourism and lack support in either oral traditions or archaeological data.^[23]