British Airways ethnic liveries

In 1997 British Airways (BA) adopted a new livery. One part of this was a newly stylised version of the British Airways "Speedbird" logo, the "Speedmarque", but the major change was the introduction of tail-fin art. Also known as the Utopia, World Tails and world image tailfins, they used art and designs from international artists and other sources to represent communities in countries served by BA's route network. The signature of the artist was carried near the design on the tail.

A Boeing 747-400 wearing the Chelsea Rose livery takes off past two other 747s in the Chatham Dockyard livery, c. 2002

The new corporate logo was created by the London-based design agency Newell & Sorrell, who also oversaw the implementation of the tailfin designs.

The German designs refer to the BA subsidiary Deutsche BA, the French designs refer to the BA subsidiary Air Liberté, and the Australian designs refer to BA's alliance with Qantas.

History

Launch and reception

Our existing livery has served us well. It helped transform our company in preparation for privatisation. Now all of our research is telling us we must change again, to prepare for the exciting new era that the new millennium will bring.
 ...
The identity we unveil publicly today is that of a global, caring company, more modern, more open, more cosmopolitan, but proud to be based in Britain.

 — Bob Ayling, Why we are changing our identity, speech of 10 June 1997^[1]

The adoption of this aircraft livery was seen as a move away from the traditional British image of the carrier. BA claimed that the previous Landor Associates scheme carried an air of arrogance and detachment,^[2][3] and insisted that the new tailfins were popular with international travelers. In addition to the new tail art, the crest and motto "To Fly. To Serve." were dropped from the livery to make the airline appear more "global and caring."^[2] In his speech at the launch, Chief Executive Robert Ayling declared that BA needed "a corporate identity that will enable [it] to become not just a UK carrier, but a global airline that is based in Britain" and the airline should better reflect the international image of the UK as "friendly, diverse and open to other cultures."^[1] The total cost of the rebranding was estimated at £60 million,^[4] of which £2m was paid to artists and the Newell and Sorrell design firm.^[2]

The initial rollout consisted of 15 distinct tail art designs.^[5] Quentin Newark later called the initiative "incredibly brave" and praised the work of Newell and Sorrell as "expressive [and] gleeful".^[6]

Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher covered the tailfin of a model 747 painted with Animals and Trees like this one.

However, they were unpopular with many traditionalists in the UK, despite nine of the designs being inspired by either England, Scotland or Wales. Flight crews derided the new designs as "Air Zulu."^[7] Jonathan Glancey criticized the Utopia project as "muddle-headed and messy - ethnic designs turned into the equivalent of doll's-house wallpaper, things applied but not belonging", failing to give the airline a cohesive identity. Glancey added the ethnic designs "had the net effect of trivializing art and design from around the world", comparing their display to the patronizing attitude of the colonial era British Empire.^[8] Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher showed her displeasure at the designs by covering one of the new tailfins (Animals and Trees) on a model 747 with tissue paper. She declared, "We fly the British flag, not these awful things" in 1997.^[9][10] Thatcher also indicated with these fins the airline would lose its identity.^[11][12] Amongst BA passengers, the highest rate of disapproval for the new designs was registered by business travelers between North America and Great Britain.^[7]

Virgin Atlantic took advantage of the controversy by applying a Union flag scheme to the front end of its aircraft.^[13] In their own 1999 relaunch, the flag was also applied to the vertical winglets of Virgin Atlantic's aircraft.^[14][15]

Review of use

While the majority of the designs were applied to a variety of aircraft models, one scheme (the stylised version of the Chatham Dockyard Union Flag) was used on Concorde only. By 1999, BA had repainted around half its fleet (170 aircraft) in its new colours but then Chief Executive, Robert Ayling, announced a review of this process. The aircraft already repainted would keep the new designs, but the remainder of the fleet (still showing the Landor design) would receive a variant of Concorde's Union Flag design.^[16] The announcement was timed to divert some attention from Virgin's relaunch. Chris Holt, the head of design management at BA who led the Utopia Project, resigned in October 1999.^[4]

G-BNLH with Wings tail (1999)

A single 747-400 leased from British Airways to Qantas in 2000, registered as VH-NLH whilst operating in Australia (formerly G-BNLH), wore a hybrid livery complete with the Denmark Wings tail design. Under service with Qantas, the British Airways titles were removed and replaced with Qantas' own, but the remainder of the livery was left unchanged.^[17]

In May 2001 the new Chief Executive, Rod Eddington, announced the entire fleet would receive the new Union flag livery.^[7] The ethnic images would also be removed from baggage tags, menus, signage boarding passes and all company materials. Eddington argued that while an attempt to increase the airline's appeal was not a bad thing, the exercise had hurt the image of the carrier among its core customers – those that are attracted by the British identity. Eddington's opinions were echoed by Adam Hill, founder and partner of the advertising agency Designate, who stated that "name and logo are just small parts of the puzzle: to customers, the pride and heritage of this very British brand is what appeals, and swapping that out in order to appear modern and multicultural resulted in the very essence of the brand being diluted."^[18]

G-MEDA with Whale Rider (2001)

The final aircraft with a "Utopia" tail (Whale Rider) was retired in 2006, an Airbus A320-200 registered G-MEDA. Two Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft continued to operate with "Utopia" tails (G-BRYU, Benyhone Tartan; G-BRYV, Colum) for regional service until 2006, when both aircraft entered service for other airlines.^[12]

World tail liveries

British Airways World Art tail liveries^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Name	Artist	Summary	Origin	Aircraft	Reg. Nums	Qty	Image
Chatham Dockyard Union Flag[a]		Introduced on Concorde. Revised version later adopted fleet-wide	United Kingdom	Concorde	G-BOAA, BOAB, BOAC, BOAD, BOAE, BOAF, BOAG	7
Animals and trees[a] (Kg'oocoan heé naka hìian theé e)	Cg'ose Ntcox'o	Artist is of the Ncoakhoe People of the Kalahari Desert; depicts seven jackals at an oasis.[24]	Botswana	Boeing 747-400	G-BNLZ	8
				Boeing 757-200	G-CPEL
				Boeing 737-200	G-BGDT, ZS-SBR
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCD
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIK
				ERJ-145	G-EMBD
				Avro RJ100	G-BXAS
Avignon	Jim Avignon	Contemporary German art	Germany	Boeing 737-300	D-ADBA, ADBB, ADBD, ADBI, ADBQ, ADBT, ADBU	7
Bavaria (Edelweiss)		German art	Germany	Boeing 737-300	D-ADBH, ADBC, ADBF, ADBG	4
Benyhone[a] (Mountain of the Birds)	Peter MacDonald	Anglicized Gaelic for "Mountain of the Birds", a Scottish tartan design using colours from William Wilson & Son of Bannockburn.[25]The livery is thought to be similar to Loganair's livery.	Scotland	Boeing 737-200	G-BGDL	25
				Boeing 737-400	G-BVNO, G-DOCA, DOCJ, DOCV
				Boeing 757-200	G-BIKL, BIKO
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLI, G-CIVO, G-CIVW, G-CIVZ
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWF, BNWT
				DHC8-300	G-BRYU,
				Airbus A320-100	G-BUSE
				British Aerospace ATP	G-BUYW, OY-SVI
				ERJ-145	G-EMBK
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIJ, VIIR
				ATR72-200	G-BWTM
				Boeing 727-200	ZS-OBO
				BAe 146-200	G-GNTZ
				BN-2 Islander	G-BLDV
				Saab 340	G-GNTE, LGNA
				Short 360	G-BPFN
Blomsteräng (Flower Field)	Ulrica Hydman Vallien	Artist works for a glassware manufacturer in Småland. This design is taken from a large glass bowl with a hearts and flowers theme.[26]	Sweden	Boeing 747-200	G-BDXG	7
				Boeing 757-200	G-BMRI
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWU
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCE
				ERJ-145	G-EMBH
				Boeing 727-200	ZS-NOU
				BAe Jetstream 31	OY-SVJ
Blue Poole[a]	Sally Tuffin	Taken from a dish and vase designed by Tuffin for Poole.[27]	England	Boeing 747-200	G-BDXD	9
				Boeing 757-200	G-BIKA, CPEM
				Boeing 737-200	G-BKYB, ZS-NNH
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCC, TREN
				British Aerospace ATP	G-MAUD
				Boeing 737-500	G-MSKA
British Blend	Simon Balwin	Coffee cup design, result of New Britain competition, used on a single A320, G-BUSI	United Kingdom	Airbus A320-200	G-BUSI[28]	1
British Olympic Team (Teaming up for Britain)	Mark Pickthall	Adopted for 2000 Summer Olympics, features British Olympic Association lion logo designed by Pickthall for Ion River Design.[29]	United Kingdom	Boeing 737-200	G-BKYG	3
				Boeing 757-200	G-BMRC
				Airbus A320-100	G-BUSC
Chelsea Rose	Pierce Casey	Representation of the English rose, based on visits by Casey to parks and gardens in Chelsea and Battersea. Carried by both 'British Asia Airways' Boeing 747-436s whilst in service with those titles.[30]	England	Boeing 737-400	G-DOCG, DOCQ, BNNL	23
				Boeing 747-200	G-BDXK
				Boeing 757-200	G-BIKB, BMRD
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLA, BNLL, BYGA, BYGC, BYGF, CIVA, CIVB, N495MC
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWB, BNWE, BNWR
				DHC8-300	G-BRYI
				ATR72-200	G-BVTK
				Avro RJ100	G-BZAV
				BAe Jetstream 41	G-MAJL
				Bombardier CRJ200	G-MSKN
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIO, VIIS
Colour Down the Side[a]	Terry Frost	Abstract Cornish painting by Frost in 1968.[31] Used on a single Dash 8 of Brymon Airways (BA Citiexpress)	England	DHC8-300	G-BRYT	1
Colum[a] (Dove)	Timothy O'Neill	Anglicized Irish for "Dove": a Celtic design to evoke the memory of St Columba.[32]	Ireland	Boeing 737-200	G-BGDR	24
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLC, BYGB, CIVP
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWK, BNWV
				DHC8-300	G-BRYV
				Avro RJ100	G-BZAU
				ATR72-200	G-BYTP [33]
				Boeing 727-200	ZS-NZV [33]
				Boeing 757-200	G-CPEP
				ERJ145	G-EMBA
				BAe Jetstream 31	OY-SVO
				BAe Jetstream 41	G-MAJC
				Boeing 737-300	G-OGBB, OMUC
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCX
				Boeing 737-500	G-MSKB
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIP
				British Aerospace ATP	OY-SVT
				BN-2 Islander	G-BJOP
				Short 360	G-BNMU
Crossing Borders[a] (عبر الحدود)	Chant Avedissian	Reuse of Islamic and Pharaonic images and colour based on the decorations of the tentmakers of Cairo.[34]	Egypt	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKT	5
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCT
				Boeing 737-300	G-OGBE
				Bombardier CRJ200	G-MSKO
				Airbus A320-200	G-MEDD
Delftblue Daybreak[a] (Delftsblauwe Dageraad)	Hugo Kaagman	Delft pottery design. Uses "the traditions of the past and [modernises] them for the future."[35]	Netherlands	Boeing 737-200	G-BGDF	16
				Boeing 757-200	G-BIKX
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLD, CIVC, CIVN, CIVT
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWA, BZHB
				Avro RJ100	G-BXAR
				Boeing 737-500	G-MSKE
				Boeing 737-300	G-OHAJ
				Boeing 777-200	G-RAES, VIIU
				Boeing 727-200	ZS-NOV
				BAe Jetstream 41	PH-KJG
				Short 360	G-BNMW
Golden Khokhloma	Taisia Akimovna Belyantzeva	Officially Kudrina from Semenov (Сеmёновская кудриа). Based on painted khokhloma decoration on tableware set by Belyantzeva in 1978.[36]	Russia	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKH	3
				Boeing 737-300	G-XMAN
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWJ
Gothic (Calligraphy)		German art	Germany	Boeing 737-300	D-ADBM, ADBN, ADBO, ADBP	4
Grand Union	Christine Bass	Result of a Sunday Times competition. Based on traditional English canal boat art from walks Bass has taken with her family along the Grand Union Canal in Buckinghamshire.[37]	United Kingdom	Boeing 757-200	G-BMRJ	6
				DHC8-300	G-BRYP
				Boeing 737-300	G-XBHX
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCH
				ERJ-145	G-EMBF
Kogutki Lowickie[a]	Danula Wojda	Sometimes spelled Koguty Lowickie, meaning Cockerel of Lowicz. Based on paper cut-out of cockerels, peacocks and flower.[38] Unique variant "Flowers of Mazowsze" applied to G-OGBC	Poland	Boeing 747-400	G-BNLT	10
				Boeing 757-200	G-BPED
				DHC8-300	G-BRYW
				Boeing 737-200	G-BGDG, ZS-SBO
				Boeing 737-300	G-OGBC
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCF
				Airbus A320-100	G-BUSB
				ERJ-145	G-EMBC
				Short 360	G-BNMT
L'esprit Liberté		Celebrating human rights movement	International	Fokker 100	F-GIOI, GIOG	12
				Douglas DC-10	F-GPVA
				McDonnell Douglas MD-83	F-GFZB, GHEB, GRML
La Pyramide du Louvre		One aircraft painted with image of central courtyard of Louvre museum	France	McDonnell Douglas MD-83	F-GPZA	1
Nalanji Dreaming	The Balarinji Design Studio	Aboriginal art, originally designed in 1995 for Qantas and painted on a B747-300 aircraft (VH-EBU). Nalanji means "our place".[39][40] Environmental preservation theme.[41]	Australia	Boeing 757-200	G-BMRH	2
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLN
Ndebele Emmly[a]	Emmly Masanabo	Officially named Emmly Masanabo after the artist, who is of the Ndebele people. Based on a panel decorated with beads and mural-style painting; a similar panel was produced by the artist's twin sister Martha, commonly known as Ndebele Martha.[42]	South Africa	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKC	3
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLO
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWD
				Bombardier CRJ200	G-MSKL
Ndebele Martha[a]	Martha Masanabo	Officially named Martha Masanabo after the artist, who is of the Ndebele people. Based on a panel decorated with beads and mural-style painting; a similar panel was produced by the artist's twin sister Emmly, commonly known as Ndebele Emmly.[43]	South Africa	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKW	13
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLJ, BNLM
				Boeing 737-200	G-BGDA, ZS-SBN [33]
				Boeing 737-300	G-OGBD
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCU, DOCL
				BAe Jetstream 41	G-MAJB,[33] MSKJ, OY-SVS [33]
Paithani (पैठणी)	Meera Mehta	Based on a sari designed by Mehta using traditional motifs from the textile industry in Paithan. Features 'asavari' creeper border with flowering shrubs and parrots.[44]	India	Boeing 747-200	G-BDXO	3
				Boeing 757-200	G-BMRA
				ERJ-145	G-EMBI
Pause to remember		Poppy design, used around Remembrance Day. Now applied to fuselage.	United Kingdom	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKW, BMRB	3
				Boeing 737-200	G-BKYG
				Boeing 737-400	G-BVNM [33]
Rendezvous[a] (约会)	Yip Man-Yam	Chinese calligraphy of a poem describing water boiling.[45]	Hong Kong	Boeing 737-200	G-BGJE	22
				Boeing 737-300	G-OAMS
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCM, DOCW
				Boeing 747-400	G-BYGE, BYGD, BYGG, BNLR, CIVV
				Boeing 757-200	G-BIKI, BIKN, BMRE, BMRG, CPEU, CPEV
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWC, BNWP
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIT, ZZZC
				DHC8-300	G-BRYY
				British Aerospace ATP	G-MANO
				Airbus A320-200	G-MEDB
				BAe Jetstream 31	OY-SVZ, OY-SVP
Spring (Primăvară)	Morag Dumetru	Images of Romania.[46] Winner of employee contest.	Romania	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKY	1
Sterntaler[a] (Bauhaus)	Antje Brüggemann	Based on 3-D 'ceramic objects' art.[47]	Germany	Boeing 757-200	G-CPET	14
				Boeing 737-200	G-BGDE
				Boeing 737-300	G-OFRA, D-ADBK, ADBL, ADBE, ADBR, ADBS, ADBV, ADBW, ZS-NNG
				Airbus A320-200	G-BUSG
				Bombardier CRJ200	G-MSKM
				ERJ-145	G-EMBB
Water Dreaming (Ngapa Jukurrpa)	Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri	Art representing northern Australian terrain.[48]	Australia	Boeing 747-400	G-BNLK	4
				Boeing 737-200	G-BKYE
				Boeing 757-200	G-BMRF
				Airbus A320-200	G-BUSJ
				ERJ-145	G-EMBG
Waves and Cranes[a] (波と鶴)	Matazō Kayama	Also known as Nami Tsuru. Nihonga painting of waves and cranes, symbolizing the cosmic world and the soul of Japan.[49]	Japan	Boeing 767-300	G-BZHC	13
				Boeing 747-400	G-CIVM, CIVR, CIVX
				Boeing 737-200	G-BGDJ, BKYP, ZS-NLN
				Boeing 737-300	G-ODUS
				Boeing 737-400	G-OGBA
				Boeing 757-200	G-BPEC
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIM
				Airbus A320-100	G-BUSK
				ATR72-200	G-BVTJ
Waves of the City[a]	Jenifer Kobylarz	Simple and modern abstract art meant to "convey a sense of frozen motion."[50]	United States	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKJ	13
				DHC8-300	G-BRYS
				Boeing 737-400	G-DOCR, BNNK
				Boeing 737-500	G-MSKC
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLV, BNLX
				Boeing 767-300	G-BNWG, BNWH
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIA
				BAe Jetstream 31	OY-SVR
				ERJ-145	G-EMBE
				Avro RJ100	G-BZAT
Whale Rider[a]	Joe David	From wood carving representing the whaling tradition of the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations.[51]	Canada	Boeing 737-200	G-BGDO	9
				Boeing 737-500	G-MSKD
				Boeing 757-200	G-CPEO
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLG, CIVS, CIVY
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIN
				Airbus A320-200	G-MEDA
				ATR72-200	G-BXTN
Wings (Vinger)	Per Arnoldi	Modernist representation of seagulls in flight.[52]	Denmark	Boeing 747-400	G-BNLH, CIVU	13
				Boeing 757-200	G-CPER, CPES
				Boeing 767-300	G-BZHA
				Boeing 777-200	G-VIIL
				British Aerospace ATP	OY-SVU
				Airbus A320-200	G-BUSI
				Boeing 737-400	G-BUHL, DOCB
				Bombardier CRJ200	G-MSKK
				BAe Jetstream 41	G-MAJK, OY-SVW
Wunala Dreaming	The Balarinji Design Studio	Like Nalanji Dreaming, this livery was designed for Qantas in 1994 and appeared on two B747-400 aircraft: VH-OJB and VH-OEJ. Based on an original painting inspired by "the natural colors of Australia" and executed by the Yanyuwa people.[39][40] The title translates to "Kangaroo Dreaming".[53]	Australia	Boeing 757-200	G-BIKF	2
				Boeing 747-400	G-BNLS
Youm al-Suq (Market Day)	Shadia Alem	Abstract inspired by Arab life on market day.[54]	Saudi Arabia	Boeing 737-400	G-GBTA	2
				ERJ-145	G-EMBJ

Notes

1. Part of the original 15 designs introduced (the two designs from the Masanabo twins were counted as one, Ndebele).^[5]

Photo gallery

Boeing 747

Reference:^[20][21]

• 
  Chatham Dockyard Union Flag
• 
  Animals and trees
• 
  Rendezvous
• 
  Benyhone
• 
  Water Dreaming
• 
  Colum 1
• 
  Colum 2
• 
  Nalanji Dreaming
• 
  Kogutki Lowickie
• 
  Chelsea Rose
• 
  Paithani
• 
  Blomsterang
• 
  Wings
• 
  Ndebele Martha
• 
  Delftblue Daybreak
• 
  Waves and Cranes
• 
  Blue Poole
• 
  Whale Rider
• 
  Wunala Dreaming
• 
  Ndebele Emmly (model plane)
• 
  Waves of the City

Others

Reference:^[55]

• 
  Delftblue Daybreak (Boeing 777)
• 
  Rendezvous (Boeing 767)
• 
  animals and trees (BAe 146)
• 
  Blomsterang (Boeing 727)
• 
  Whale Rider (Boeing 777)
• 
  Ndebele Martha (Boeing 737)
• 
  Benyhone (Airbus A320)
• 
  Wings (Boeing 767)
• 
  Avignon (Boeing 737)
• 
  Nalanji Dreaming (Boeing 757)
• 
  Chelsea Rose (Boeing 777)
• 
  Youm al-Suq (ERJ-145)
• 
  Waves and Cranes (Boeing 767)
• 
  Crossing Borders (Airbus A320)
• 
  Bavaria (Boeing 737)
• 
  Wunala Dreaming (Boeing 757)
• 
  Blue Poole (Boeing 737)
• 
  Colour Down the Side (DHC-8)
• 
  Golden Khokhloma (Boeing 767)
• 
  Kogutki Lowickie (Airbus A320)
• 
  La Pyramide du Louvre (MD-83)
• 
  Waves of the City (Boeing 737)
• 
  Primăvară (Boeing 757)
• 
  Sterntaler (Boeing 737)
• 
  Water Dreaming (Airbus A320)
• 
  Pause to remember (Boeing 757)
• 
  Paithani (ERJ-145)
• 
  Ndebele Emmly (Boeing 767)
• 
  L'esprit Liberté (Fokker 100)
• 
  Gothic (Boeing 737)
• 
  Colum (BAe 146)
• 
  British Olympic Team (Boeing 757)