Broken Oghibbeway

During the fur trade era, a pidgin form of Ojibwe known as Broken Oghibbeway was used as a trade language in the Wisconsin and Mississippi River valleys. Data on the language was collected during the 1820s at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by Edwin James, a physician and naturalist, who also gave the pidgin its name.^[1] It has been described as "…a language with a restricted vocabulary drawn from the Ottawa dialect of Ojibwe with a few words from the Fox language, another Algonquian language of the region, and restructured and reduced, but not absent, Ojibwe morphology."^[2]

Broken Oghibbeway
Region	Wisconsin, Mississippi valley
Native speakers	None
Language family	Ojibwe-based pidgin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	brok1252

James recognized that Broken Oghibbeway was different from the variety of Ojibwe spoken in Wisconsin Territory. He noted that it "…is of the dialect used by the traders and the people of mixed blood in speaking with the Menomonies and Winnebagoes also many of the Sioux, Sauks and Foxes."^[2]

Morphology

Although Broken Oghibbeway retains many aspects of the complex inflectional morphology that characterizes Ojibwe, it is nonetheless simplified and restructured, with reductions in the treatment of transitivity and gender, with simplification of the system of personal prefixes used on verbs, loss of the negative suffix that occurs on verbs, and loss of inflectional suffixes that indicate grammatical objects.^[3]

For example, in Ojibwe, the inverse marker is suffixed to the animate stem of the verb to express the present tense and a prefix is added to indicate the object of the sentence.^[4]

ex:

Ni-gos-ig

1SG-fear-INV.3SG.SUB

Ni-gos-ig

1SG-fear-INV.3SG.SUB

'He fears me.'

However, in Broken Oghibbeway, the inanimate verb stem is used and the object of a sentence is expressed with an independent pronoun.

ex:

O-kot-aan

3SG.AN-fear-3.INAN

niin

1SG

O-kot-aan niin

3SG.AN-fear-3.INAN 1SG

'He fears me.'

Animacy distinctions for nouns were completely lost in Broken Oghibbeway, but are somewhat preserved for verbs: animate third person subjects are marked in the verb with the o- prefix, while inanimate subjects have no prefix.^[5]