Campos Sales

For the Campos Sales meteorite of 1991, see Meteorite falls.

Manoel Ferraz de Campos Sales (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [manuˈew feˈʁaz dʒi ˈkɐ̃pus ˈsalis]; 15 February 1841 – 28 June 1913) was a Brazilian lawyer, coffee farmer, and politician who served as the fourth president of Brazil.

In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Campos and the second or paternal family name is Sales.

His Excellency Campos Sales
Official portrait, 1898
4th President of Brazil
In office 15 November 1898 – 15 November 1902
Vice President	Rosa e Silva
Preceded by	Prudente de Morais
Succeeded by	Rodrigues Alves
Diplomatic offices Ambassador of Brazil to Argentina In office 14 April 1912 – 6 July 1912 Nominated by Hermes da Fonseca Preceded by Pereira da Costa Mota Succeeded by Sousa Dantas
Executive offices President of São Paulo In office 1 May 1896 – 31 October 1897 Vice President Peixoto Gomide Preceded by Peixoto Gomide Succeeded by Peixoto Gomide Minister of Justice In office 18 November 1889 – 22 January 1891 President Deodoro da Fonseca Preceded by Cândido de Oliveira Succeeded by Baron of Lucena
Legislative offices 1912–1913 Senator 1909–1912 Senator 1891–1896 Senator 1888–1889 Provincial Deputy 1885–1886 General Deputy 1882–1883 Provincial Deputy
Personal details
Born	Manoel Ferraz de Campos Sales (1841-02-15)15 February 1841 Campinas, São Paulo, Empire of Brazil
Died	28 June 1913(1913-06-28) (aged 72) Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
Political party	Liberal (1863–1873) PRP (1873–1913)
Spouse	Ana Gabriela de Campos Sales ​ ​ (m. 1865)​
Children	10
Alma mater	Faculty of Law of Largo de São Francisco
Signature

Early life and Political Career

He was born in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, descended from a rich family of coffee planters.^[1] He graduated as a lawyer from the Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco, São Paulo, in 1863. He served as a provincial deputy of the state assembly of São Paulo three times, (1868-1869, 1882-1883, 1888-1889). He was a signatory of the Republican Manifesto of 1870, and one of the founders of the Paulista Republican Party (PRP). In 1888, he became president of the PRP Central Committee. After the Proclaimation of the Republic, he was chosen by Deodoro da Fonseca to be Minister of justice (1889–1891), and senator and governor of São Paulo (1896–1897). In 1898, he was elected president of Brazil.^[1]

Presidency (1898-1902)

Main article: Presidency of Campos Sales

Austere financial reforms were adopted during his tenure under Minister of Finance Joaquim Murtinho.^[2] Unpopular economic reforms such as introduction of paper money and the increase of taxes were introduced during his presidency. He obtained a funding loan from Britain, which suspended the interest charge from previous loans. He also created the political system known as the Governors Policy [pt], in which politics would be controlled by dominated by smaller political groups in each states, and created the Verification of Powers, a commission which had authority to supervise elections and ensure a favourable environment for the election of pro-government candidates.^[1] He created the Instituto de Manguinhos (now the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), which was mainly focused on the creation of vaccines against the bubonic plague.^[3] During his trip to Argentina from October 1900 to November 1900, his vice president, Francisco de Assis Rosa e Silva, assumed the duty of president.^[1]

Later life and death

In 1909, he was elected Senator for Sao Paulo and held the position until 1913. He was also Minister Plenipotentiary to Argentina (1912).

He died in São Paulo on 28 June 1913 from Cerebral embolism.^[4]

See also

• Presidency of Campos Sales
• List of presidents of Brazil