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Canthium
Genus of plants From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Canthium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.
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Distribution
Canthium species were predominantly found in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and the Philippines.[2] A small number of species was found in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Only a limited number of species were found on the African continent, especially in Southern and East Africa.[3]
Taxonomy
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Canthium was named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1785 in Encyclopédie Méthodique.[4] The name is a latinisation of "kantankara", a Malayalam name from Kerala for Canthium coromandelicum. Kantan means "shining" and kara means "a spiny shrub".[5] The biological type for the genus consists of specimens originally described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck as Canthium parviflorum[6] but this species is now included in Canthium coromandelicum.[2] Canthium is a member of Vanguerieae, a tribe that is monophyletic and easily recognized morphologically, but in which generic boundaries were, for a long time, very unclear.[7] Canthium was especially problematic, and until the 1980s, it was defined broadly and known to be polyphyletic. Psydrax was separated from it in 1985,[8] as was Keetia in 1986.[9] These were followed by Pyrostria and Multidentia in 1987.[10][11] The subgenus Afrocanthium was raised to generic rank in 2004,[12] followed by Bullockia in 2009.[13] A few species were transferred to Canthium from Rytigynia and other genera in 2004.[12] The genus was further reduced by the transfer of species to Peponidium and Pyrostria.[14] In 2016, two Canthium species endemic to the Philippines were transferred to a genus of their own, Kanapia.[15] The final circumscription of Canthium will remain in doubt until phylogenetic studies achieve greater resolution for the clade containing Canthium coromandelicum and its closest relatives.
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Species
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As of 2023[update], Plants of the World Online recognises the following species:[1]
- Canthium aciculatum Ridl.
- Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
- Canthium arboreum Vidal
- Canthium armatum (K.Schum.) Lantz
- Canthium aurantiacum Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canthium berberidifolium Geddes
- Canthium bipinnatum (Blanco) Merr.
- Canthium brunneum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium bugoyense (K.Krause) Lantz
- Canthium calvum Craib
- Canthium cambodianum Pit.
- Canthium campanulatum Thwaites
- Canthium cavaleriei H.Lév.
- Canthium ciliatum (D.Dietr.) Kuntze
- Canthium coffeoides Pierre ex Pit.
- Canthium congestiflorum Ridl.
- Canthium cordatum Dillwyn
- Canthium coromandelicum (Brum.f.) Alston
- Canthium depressinerve Ridl.
- Canthium ellipticum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium ferrugineum Craib
- Canthium filipendulum Pierre ex Pit.
- Canthium fraternum Miq.
- Canthium glaucum Hiern
- Canthium gracilipes Kurz
- Canthium hainanense (Merr.) Lantz
- Canthium hirtellum Ridl.
- Canthium hispidonervosum (De Wild.) C.M.Evrard
- Canthium horridulum Craib
- Canthium horridum Blume
- Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze
- Canthium korthalsianum Miq.
- Canthium kuntzeanum Bridson
- Canthium laeve Teijsm. & Binn.
- Canthium lasianthoides Miq.
- Canthium libericum Dinkl.
- Canthium longipes Geddes
- Canthium lucidum R.Br.
- Canthium macrocarpum Thwaites
- Canthium malayense K.M.Wong
- Canthium megacarpum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium megistocarpum Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canthium merrillianum Mabb.
- Canthium mite Bartl. ex DC.
- Canthium molle King & Gamble
- Canthium moluccanum Roxb.
- Canthium oblongum (Valeton) Kaneh.
- Canthium obscurum W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes
- Canthium oliganthum (Miq.) Boerl.
- Canthium oligocarpum Hiern
- Canthium parvifolium Roxb.
- Canthium paucinervium (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium pedunculare Cav.
- Canthium perakanthus ined.
- Canthium polyanthum Miq.
- Canthium puberulum Thwaites ex Hook.f.
- Canthium quadratum Craib
- Canthium rheedei DC.
- Canthium sarcocarpum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium sarmentosum Craib
- Canthium scabridum Ridl.
- Canthium scandens Blume
- Canthium schlechterianum Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canthium simile Merr. & Chun
- Canthium sordidum (K.Schum.) Bullock
- Canthium spirostylum Miq.
- Canthium stellulatum Craib
- Canthium strigosum Craib
- Canthium strychnoides Craib
- Canthium subaureum Craib
- Canthium subcapitatum (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium suberosum Codd
- Canthium subsessilifolium (Merr.) Merr.
- Canthium tavoyanum (R.Parker) Merr.
- Canthium thonningii Benth.
- Canthium travancoricum Bedd.
- Canthium trichophorum Quisumb. & Merr.
- Canthium umbelligerum Miq.
- Canthium vanwykii Tilney & Kok
- Canthium villarii Vidal
- Canthium violaceum Zoll. & Moritzi
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References
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