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Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 13
Former rocket launch site in Florida, USA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Launch Complex 13 (LC-13), located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, was the third-most southerly of the original launch complexes known as Missile Row, lying between LC-12 and LC-14. In 2015, the LC-13 site was leased by SpaceX and was renovated for use as Landing Zone 1 and Landing Zone 2 (LZ-1 and LZ-2), the company's East Coast landing location for returning Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicle booster stages. It is leased by US Space Force to Phantom Space and Vaya Space who will operate this launch complex after the termination of SpaceX's lease in future.[2]
LC-13 was originally used for test launches of the SM-65 Atlas and subsequently for operational Atlas launches from 1958 to 1978.[3] It was the most-used and longest-serving of the original four Atlas pads.[note 1] It was inactive between 1980 and 2015.
LC-13 was on land owned by the US government and was originally controlled by the United States Air Force. It was transferred to NASA in 1964 and back to the Air Force in 1970. In January 2015, the land and remaining facilities at LC-13 were leased to SpaceX for a five-year lease.[4]
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History
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Together with Launch Complexes 11, 12 and 14, LC-13 featured a more robust design than many contemporary pads due to the greater power of the Atlas compared to other rockets of the time. It was larger and featured a concrete launch pedestal that was 6 metres (20 ft) tall and a reinforced blockhouse. The rockets were delivered to the launch pad by a ramp on the south side of the launch pedestal.[5]
SM-65 Atlas (1956–1961)
Starting in 1958, Atlas B, D, E and F missiles were tested from the complex.
One on-pad explosion occurred, the launch of Missile 51D in March 1960, which suffered combustion instability within seconds of launch. The Atlas fell back onto LC-13 in a huge fireball, putting the pad out of commission for the entire spring and summer of 1960.
Prior to the launch of Atlas 51D, the separate turbine exhaust ducts had been removed from the four Atlas pads at CCAS. A few weeks later, another Atlas exploded on LC-11 and it was then decided to reinstall the exhaust ducts, although it was considered unlikely that they had anything to do with the failures.
The next launch hosted from LC-13 was the first Atlas E test on October 11, exactly seven months after the accident with Missile 51D. Afterwards, LC-13 remained the primary East Coast testing site for Atlas E missiles, with Atlas F tests mainly running from LC-11 (Missile 2F in August 1961 was the only F-series Atlas launched from LC-13).
Atlas-Agena (1962–1978)
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Between February 1962 and October 1963 the pad was converted for use by Atlas-Agena. The modifications were more extensive than the conversions of LC-12 and LC-14 with the mobile service tower being demolished and replaced with a new, larger tower. The first launch from the renovated pad was Vela 1 on October 17, 1963.
Significant launches included:
- Lunar Orbiter 1 on 10 August 1966. It photographed proposed landing sites for Apollo and Surveyor spacecraft on the Moon, and returned the first pictures of the Earth from lunar orbit.[6]
- Several classified payloads for the National Reconnaissance Office, believed to include Canyon and Rhyolite satellites.[7]
The final launch from LC-13 was a Rhyolite satellite on 7 April 1978, using an Atlas-Agena. The pad was deactivated from 1980 to 2015.
On 16 April 1984, it was added to the US National Register of Historic Places; however it was not maintained and gradually deteriorated. On 6 August 2005 the mobile service tower was demolished as a safety precaution due to structural damage by corrosion.[8][note 2] The blockhouse was demolished in 2012.[9]
Landing Zones 1 and 2 (from 2015)
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On 10 February 2015, the Air Force announced that SpaceX signed a five-year lease for LC-13 to be used as a landing site for the first stage of their reusable launch vehicle, the Falcon 9.[3][10] Over the next several months, the area east of the old launch architecture such as the mobile service tower track was torn up and transformed into a circular landing pad 195 m (640 ft) diameter named Landing Zone 1. Initially, the company planned to convert the facility into a set of five discrete landing zones, one large primary pad with four smaller alternate pads surrounding it.[3][11][12] However, other changes in future SpaceX plans—most notably the cancellation of a reusable Falcon 9 second stage in favor of what eventually became Starship—resulted in only one pad being actually constructed. LZ-1 hosted its first landing on 22 December 2015 as part of Falcon 9's 20th flight, carrying eleven Orbcomm-OG2 satellites.[13][14][15]
In July 2016, SpaceX applied for permission on building two additional landing pads at LC-13, to be used as a site for the two side boosters of Falcon Heavy.[16] This eventually resulted in the construction of Landing Zone 2, located at the former complex retention pool north of the Atlas pad and sized 126 m (415 ft) in diameter. LZ-2 first saw use as part of Falcon Heavy's maiden flight on 6 February 2018, and was first used for a standard Falcon 9 booster on 11 December 2022 as part of Hakuto-R Mission 1.
During a press conference leading up to the launch of SpaceX Crew-11, William Gerstenmaier announced on 30 July 2025 that LZ-1 would be decommissioned following the flight on 1 August, to be replaced with landing areas located adjacent to their launch pads at Space Launch Complex 40 and Launch Complex 39A.[17][18] He additionally clarified that LZ-2 would continue to be used on an interim basis while the new pads get constructed.
Phantom Space and Vaya Space (from 2023)
On 7 March 2023, the United States Space Force announced that LC-13 was to be leased to companies Phantom Space Corporation and Vaya Space for respective use by their Daytona and Dauntless launch vehicles.[19] Space Launch Delta 45 provided justification as a way to optimize the use of excess launch property and the Eastern Range along Florida's coastline.[20] Unlike with the simultaneous leases granted to Stoke Space at LC-14 and ABL Space Systems at LC-15, the official transfer of operations was not performed until the expiration of the SpaceX lease at the end of July 2025.
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Launch and landing history
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Launch statistics
Active pads
Active pads not used for launches
Inactive leased pads
Inactive unleased pads
3
6
9
12
15
1960
1965
1970
1975
All launches before 1964 and after 1970 operated by the United States Air Force. All other launches operated by NASA.
Landing statistics
LZ-1
3
6
9
12
15
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
All landings operated by SpaceX.
LZ-2
1
2
3
4
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
All landings operated by SpaceX.
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Notes
- The structure was so unstable that it could not be safely dismantled and had to be toppled by a controlled explosion before it could be taken apart. This has since become the standard method of dismantling launch complexes at Cape Canaveral and was used in the demolition of Titan infrastructure at LC-40 and LC-41, Atlas infrastructure at LC-36, and Delta infrastructure at SLC-17 and SLC-37.
References
External links
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