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Carian alphabets
Greek-derived alphabets used to write the Carian language of Anatolia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Carian alphabets are a number of regional scripts that were used to write the extinct Carian language of western Anatolia. They consist of some 30 alphabetic letters, with several geographic variants in Caria and a homogeneous variant attested from the Nile delta, where Carian mercenaries fought for the Egyptian pharaohs. They were written left-to-right in Caria (apart from the CarianโLydian city of Tralleis) and right-to-left in Egypt.
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Carian was deciphered primarily through EgyptianโCarian bilingual tomb inscriptions, starting with John Ray in 1981; previously only a few sound values and the alphabetic nature of the script had been demonstrated. The readings of Ray and subsequent scholars were largely confirmed with a CarianโGreek bilingual inscription discovered in Kaunos in 1996, which for the first time verified personal names, but the identification of many letters remains provisional and debated, and a few letters are wholly unknown.
The Carian alphabet resembles the Greek alphabet, but the exact Greek variant from which it could have originated has not yet been identified. The main reason for this is that some of the Greek letters have different sound values in Carian.[5] Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain this. The first is that the Greek letters were randomly attributed to phonetic values; though some letters retained their Greek value. The second, proposed by Ignacio J. Adiego in his book The Carian Language,[6]:โ115โ is "that the Carian alphabet underwent a strong process of cursivisation, dramatically changing the form of many letters. At a certain point this graphic system underwent a change to 'capital' letters, for which the Greek capital letters were used as models - but now only from a formal point of view, disregarding their phonetic values."[4]
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Scripts
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There is a range of graphic variation between cities in Caria, some of which are extreme enough to have separate Unicode characters.[a] The Kaunos alphabet is thought to be complete. There may be other letters in Egyptian cities outside Memphis, but they need to be confirmed. There is considerable geographical variation in all letters, especially the representation of the lateral phonemes l and ฮป.[7] The letters with identified values in the various cities are as follows:[8]
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Origin
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The Carian scripts, which have a common origin, have long puzzled scholars. Most of the letters resemble letters of the Greek alphabet, but their sound values are generally unrelated to the values of the Greek letters. This is unusual among the alphabets of Asia Minor, which generally approximate the Greek alphabet fairly well, both in sound and shape, apart from sounds which had no equivalent in Greek. However, the Carian sound values are not completely disconnected: ๐ /a/ (Greek ฮ), ๐ซ /o/ (Greek ฮ), ๐ฐ /s/ (Greek ฯบ san), and ๐ฒ /u/ (Greek ฮฅ) are as close to Greek as any Anatolian alphabet, and ๐ท, which resembles Greek ฮ, has the similar sound /p/, which it shares with Greek-derived Lydian ๐คก.
Ignacio J. Adiego, in his book The Carian Language, therefore suggests that the original Carian script was adopted from cursive Greek, and that it was later restructured, perhaps for monumental inscription, by imitating the form of the most graphically similar Greek print letters without considering their phonetic values.[6]:โ115โ Thus a /t/, which in its cursive form may have had a curved top, was modeled after Greek qoppa (ฯ) rather than its ancestral tau (ฮค) to become ๐ญ. Carian /m/, from archaic Greek ๐, would have been simplified and was therefore closer in shape to Greek ฮ than ฮ when it was remodeled as ๐ช. Indeed, many of the regional variants of Carian letters parallel Greek variants: ๐ฅ 
are common graphic variants of digamma, ๐จ ส of theta, ๐ฌ ฮ of both gamma and lambda, ๐ ๐ฏ ๐ of rho, ๐ต ๐ of phi, ๐ด ๐ of chi, ๐ฒ V of upsilon, and ๐ ๐บ parallel ฮ ๐ eta. This could also explain why one of the rarest letters, ๐ฑ, has the form of one of the most common Greek letters.[12] However, no such proto-Carian cursive script is attested, so these etymologies are speculative.
Further developments occurred within each script; in Kaunos, for example, it would seem that ๐ฎ /ลก/ and ๐ญ /t/ both came to resemble a Latin P, and so were distinguished with an extra line in one: ๐ /t/, ๐ฏ /ลก/.
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Decipherment
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Numerous attempts at deciphering the Carian inscriptions were made during the 20th century. After World War II, most of the known Carian inscriptions were collected and published, aiding attempts to decipher them.
In the 1960s, Russian researcher Vitaly Shevoroshkin showed that earlier assumptions that the script was a syllabic or semisyllabic writing system were false, instead demonstrating that Carian was alphabetically written. However, he took the values of letters resembling those of the Greek alphabet for granted, which proved to be unfounded.[9]
Other researchers of Carian were H. Stoltenberg, O. Masson, Yuri Otkupshchikov, P. Meriggi (1966), and R. Gusmani (1975), but their work was not widely accepted. Stoltenberg, like most others, generally attributed Greek values to Carian symbols.[13]
In 1972, Egyptologist K. Zauzich investigated bilingual texts in Carian and Egyptian (what became known as the 'Egyptian approach'). This was an important step in decipherment and produced good results.[14][clarification needed] This method was further developed by T. Kowalski in 1975.[15][clarification needed]
British Egyptologist John D. Ray apparently worked independently from Kowalski, but produced similar results (1981, 1983). He used CarianโEgyptian bilingual inscriptions that had been neglected until then. Ray's contributions included the reading of the name Psammetichus (Egyptian Pharaoh) in Carian.
The radically different values that Ray assigned to the letters were initially met with scepticism. Ignasi-Xavier Adiego, along with Diether Schรผrr, started to contribute to the project in the early 1990s. In his 1993 book Studia Carica, Adiego offered the decipherment values for letters that are now known as the โRay-Schรผrr-Adiego systemโ. This system now gained wider acceptance. The discovery of a new bilingual inscription in 1996 (the Kaunos Carian-Greek bilingual inscription) confirmed the essential validity of their decipherment.
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Unicode
Carian was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. It is encoded in Plane 1 (Supplementary Multilingual Plane).
The Unicode block for Carian is U+102A0โU+102DF:
| Carian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+102Ax | ๐ | ๐ก | ๐ข | ๐ฃ | ๐ค | ๐ฅ | ๐ฆ | ๐ง | ๐จ | ๐ฉ | ๐ช | ๐ซ | ๐ฌ | ๐ญ | ๐ฎ | ๐ฏ |
| U+102Bx | ๐ฐ | ๐ฑ | ๐ฒ | ๐ณ | ๐ด | ๐ต | ๐ถ | ๐ท | ๐ธ | ๐น | ๐บ | ๐ป | ๐ผ | ๐ฝ | ๐พ | ๐ฟ |
| U+102Cx | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ | ๐ |
| U+102Dx | ๐ | |||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
๐ก๐๐๐๐ are graphic variants, as are ๐ค๐๐, ๐๐ฆ๐, ๐บ๐, ๐ผ๐ฝ, ๐๐, ๐๐, and possibly ๐๐ถ.
A Carian keyboard is available for use with Keyman.[16]
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See also
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Notes
- Some of the others, such as ฮ, ๐คญ, ๐ฃ, ส, ฯน, อถ, ๐, ะจ, ฯท, have been filled in below with similar characters from other Unicode ranges.
- Resembles 6ฬจ or Gฬจ
- Archaic form of ฮ, for example in Crete
- Archaic form of ฮ
- Archaic form of ฮ
- Compare Lydian ๐คก, which also has the value /p/.
- if ๐ is equivalent to ๐
- if ๐ถ is equivalent to ๐
References
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