Caucasian Albanian script

The Caucasian Albanian script was an alphabetic writing system used by the Caucasian Albanians, one of the ancient Northeast Caucasian peoples whose territory comprised parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan. It is one of the three historical alphabets of the South Caucasus.

Caucasian Albanian
Matenadaran MS No. 7117, fol. 142r
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Mesrop Mashtots
Time period	5th – 12th century AD
Direction	Left-to-right
Related scripts
Parent systems	Greek[1] Armenian alphabet Caucasian Albanian
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Aghb (239), ​Caucasian Albanian
Unicode
Unicode alias	Caucasian Albanian
Unicode range	U+10530–U+1056F Final Accepted Script Proposal

It was used to write the Caucasian Albanian language and was one of only two native scripts ever developed for speakers of an indigenous Caucasian language (i.e., a language that has no genealogical relationship to other languages outside the Caucasus), the other being the Georgian scripts.^[2] The Armenian language, the third language of the Caucasus and Armenian Highlands with its own native script, is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.

History

Armenian monk Mesrop Mashtots invented the Caucasian Albanian script in the early 5th century after creating the Armenian script. Painting: Maggiotto (1750–1805).^[3]

According to Movses Kaghankatvatsi, the Caucasian Albanian script was created by Mesrop Mashtots,^[4][5][6] the Armenian monk, theologian and translator who is also credited with creating the Armenian and—by some scholars—the Georgian scripts.^{[7][8][9][10][11]}

Koriun, a pupil of Mesrop Mashtots, in his book The Life of Mashtots, wrote about the circumstances of its creation:

Then there came and visited them an elderly man, an Albanian named Benjamin. And he, Mesrop Mashtots, inquired and examined the barbaric diction of the Albanian language, and then through his usual God-given keenness of mind invented an alphabet, which he, through the grace of Christ, successfully organized and put in order.^[12]

The alphabet was in use from its creation in the early 5th century through the 12th century, and was used not only formally by the Church of Caucasian Albania, but also for secular purposes.^[13]

Rediscovery

A capital from a 5th-century church with an inscription using Caucasian Albanian lettering, found at Mingachevir in 1949

Although mentioned in early sources, no examples of it were known to exist until its rediscovery in 1937 by a Georgian scholar, Professor Ilia Abuladze,^[14] in Matenadaran MS No. 7117, a manual from the 15th century. This manual presents different alphabets for comparison: Armenian, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Georgian, Coptic, and Caucasian Albanian among them.

Between 1947 and 1952, archaeological excavations at Mingachevir under the guidance of S. Kaziev found a number of artifacts with Caucasian Albanian writing — a stone altar post with an inscription around its border that consisted of 70 letters, and another 6 artifacts with brief texts (containing from 5 to 50 letters), including candlesticks, a tile fragment, and a vessel fragment.^[15]

The first literary work in the Caucasian Albanian alphabet was discovered on a palimpsest in Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in 2003 by Zaza Aleksidze; it is a fragmentary lectionary dating to the late 4th or early 5th century AD, containing verses from 2 Corinthians 11, with a Georgian Patericon written over it.^[16][17] Jost Gippert, professor of Comparative Linguistics at the University of Frankfurt am Main, and others have published this palimpsest that contains also liturgical readings taken from the Gospel of John.^[18]

Legacy

Bust of Zinobi Silikashvili in Zinobiani with Caucasian Albanian inscriptions on it. Text reads 𐔵𐔼𐕎𐕒𐔱𐔼 (Zinobi).

The Udi language, spoken by some 8,000 people, mostly in the Republic of Azerbaijan but also in Georgia and Armenia,^[19] is considered to be the last direct continuator of the Caucasian Albanian language.^[20][21]

Characters

The script consists of 52 characters, all of which can also represent numerals from 1 to 700,000 when a combining mark is added above, below, or both above and below them, described as similar to Coptic. 49 of the characters are found in the Sinai palimpsests.^[22] Several punctuation marks are also present, including a middle dot, a separating colon, an apostrophe, paragraph marks, and citation marks.

Letters

Caucasian Albanian
Sinai Palimpsest	Matenadaran Manuscript 7117	Unicode	Numeric value	Letter Name	Pronunciation
		𐔰	1	Alt	/a/
		𐔱	2	Bet	/b/
		𐔲	3	Gim	/ɡ/
		𐔳	4	Dat	/d/
		𐔴	5	Eb	/e/
		𐔵	6	Zarl	/z/
		𐔶	7	Eyn	/eː/
		𐔷	8	Zhil	/ʒ/
		𐔸	9	Tas	/t/
		𐔹	10	Cha	/ʨʼ/
		𐔺	20	Yowd	/j/
		𐔻	30	Zha	/ʑ/
		𐔼	40	Irb	/i/
		𐔽	50	Sha	/ˤ/
		𐔾	60	Lan	/l/
		𐔿	70	Inya	/nʲ/
		𐕀	80	Xeyn	/x/
		𐕁	90	Dyan	/dʲ/
		𐕂	100	Car	/ʦʼ/
		𐕃	200	Jhox	/ʥ/
		𐕄	300	Kar	/kʼ/
		𐕅	400	Lyit	/lʲ/
		𐕆	500	Heyt	/h/
		𐕇	600	Qay	/q/
		𐕈	700	Aor	/ɒ/
		𐕉	800	Choy	/ʨ/
		𐕊	900	Chi	/ʧʼ/
		𐕋	1000	Cyay	/ʦʲ/
		𐕌	2000	Maq	/m/
		𐕍	3000	Qar	/qʼ/
		𐕎	4000	Nowc	/n/
		𐕏	5000	Dzyay	/ʣʲ/
		𐕐	6000	Shak	/ʃ/
		𐕑	7000	Jayn	/ʤ/
		𐕒	8000	On	/o/
		𐕓	9000	Tyay	/tʲʼ/
		𐕔	10000	Fam	/f/
		𐕕	20000	Dzay	/ʣ/
		𐕖	30000	Chat	/ʧ/
		𐕗	40000	Pen	/pʼ/
		𐕘	50000	Gheys	/ɣ/
		𐕙	60000	Rat	/r/
		𐕚	70000	Seyk	/s/
		𐕛	80000	Veyz	/v/
		𐕜	90000	Tiwr	/tʼ/
		𐕝	100000	Shoy	/ɕ/
		𐕞	200000	Iwn	/ə/
		𐕟	300000	Cyaw	/ʦʲʼ/
		𐕠	400000	Cayn	/ʦ/
		𐕡	500000	Yayd	/w/
		𐕢	600000	Piwr	/p/
		𐕣	700000	Kiw	/k/

Unicode

Main article: Caucasian Albanian (Unicode block)

The Caucasian Albanian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Caucasian Albanian is U+10530–1056F:

Caucasian Albanian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+1053x

𐔰

𐔱

𐔲

𐔳

𐔴

𐔵

𐔶

𐔷

𐔸

𐔹

𐔺

𐔻

𐔼

𐔽

𐔾

𐔿

U+1054x

𐕀

𐕁

𐕂

𐕃

𐕄

𐕅

𐕆

𐕇

𐕈

𐕉

𐕊

𐕋

𐕌

𐕍

𐕎

𐕏

U+1055x

𐕐

𐕑

𐕒

𐕓

𐕔

𐕕

𐕖

𐕗

𐕘

𐕙

𐕚

𐕛

𐕜

𐕝

𐕞

𐕟

U+1056x

𐕠

𐕡

𐕢

𐕣

𐕯

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points