Checkered garter snake

The checkered garter snake (Thamnophis marcianus) is a species of garter snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. There are two recognized subspecies.

Checkered garter snake
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Thamnophis
Species:	T. marcianus
Binomial name
Thamnophis marcianus (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Synonyms[2]
Eutainia marciana Baird & Girard, 1853 Eutaenia marciana — Bocourt, 1893 Thamnophis marcianus — Ruthven, 1907

Etymology

The specific epithet marcianus is in honor of American Brigadier General Randolph B. Marcy, who led surveying expeditions to the frontier areas in the mid-19th century.^[3]

Description

The checkered garter snake is typically greenish in color, with a distinct, black checkerboard pattern down its back. It is capable of growing to a total length (tail included) of 42 inches (107 cm), but is usually 18 to 24 inches (46 to 61 cm).^[4]

Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of Thamnophis marcianus are desert, grassland, shrubland, and forest, usually close to water, at altitudes from sea level to 2,200 m (7,200 ft).^[1][4]

Diet

Eating a Gulf Coast toad

The diet of Thamnophis marcianus includes small frogs, toads, small fish, and earthworms.^{[citation needed]} If kept as a pet, it can be trained on live or freeze-thawed mice, but even so, it is a fussy eater and can suddenly start to refuse mice at any point.^{[citation needed]}

Behavior

Unlike most garter snakes, the checkered garter snake is partially nocturnal.^[2]

Defensive behavior

Thamnophis marcianus will strike and bite if provoked. It will also release a foul-smelling liquid from its cloaca onto attackers.^{[citation needed]}

Reproduction

Thamnophis marcianus is ovoviviparous and may be parthenogenetic.^[2]

Venom

Thamnophis marcianus was long thought to be nonvenomous, but recent discoveries have revealed that it does in fact produce a mild neurotoxic venom. T. marcianus cannot kill humans with the small amount of venom it produces, which is comparatively mild, and it also lacks an effective means of delivering it. It does have enlarged teeth in the back of the mouth, but its gums are significantly larger. The Duvernoy's gland of a garter snake is posterior to (to the rear of) the snake's eye. The mild venom is spread into wounds through a chewing action.^{[citation needed]}

Subspecies

Two subspecies of Thamnophis marcianus are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.^[2]

• T. m. marcianus (Baird & Girard, 1853)
• T. m. praeocularis (Bocourt, 1892)

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Thamnophis.

Albino checkered garter snake

In captivity

The checkered garter snake is one of the easiest garter snakes to tame. Even a wild-caught one can become tame in a few days if handled carefully.^{[citation needed]} The checkered garter snake is frequently available in the exotic pet trade, and makes a hardy captive animal.^{[citation needed]} It can be trained to accept mice or fish fillets as food.^{[citation needed]} Captive breeding, while not common, is done, and albino variants are being produced.^{[citation needed]}