Chinantecan languages

The Chinantec or Chinantecan languages constitute a branch of the Oto-Manguean family. Though traditionally considered a single language, Ethnologue lists 14 partially mutually unintelligible varieties of Chinantec.^[2] The languages are spoken by the indigenous Chinantec people who live in Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico, especially in the districts of Cuicatlán, Ixtlán de Juárez, Tuxtepec and Choapan, and in Staten Island, New York.^[3]

Chinantec
Tsa Jujmi
Native to	Mexico
Region	Oaxaca
Ethnicity	Chinantecs
Native speakers	140,000 (2020 census)[1]
Language family	Oto-Manguean Western Oto-Pame–Chinantecan Chinantec
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: cco – Comaltepec Chinantec chj – Ojitlán Chinantec chq – Quiotepec Chinantec chz – Ozumacín Chinantec cle – Lealao Chinantec cnl – Lalana Chinantec cnt – Tepetotutla Chinantec cpa – Palantla Chinantec csa – Chiltepec Chinantec cso – Sochiapan Chinantec cte – Tepinapa Chinantec ctl – Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec cuc – Usila Chinantec cvn – Valle Nacional Chinantec
Glottolog	chin1484
ELP	Central Chinantec
The Chinantecan languages, number 9 (chartreuse), east.

Internal classification

Egland and Bartholomew (1978)^[4] established fourteen Chinantec languages on the basis of 80% mutual intelligibility. Ethnologue found that one that had not been adequately compared (Tlaltepusco) was not distinct, but split another (Lalana from Tepinapa). At a looser criterion of 70% intelligibility, Lalana–Tepinapa, Quiotepec–Comaltepec, Palantla–Valle Nacional, and geographically distant Chiltepec–Tlacoatzintepec would be languages, reducing the count to ten. Lealao Chinantec (Latani) is the most divergent.

70%	Language (80% intelligibility)	Distribution
*	Chinantec of Lealao	Northeastern Oaxaca, San Juan Lealao, Latani, Tres Arroyos, and La Hondura
*	Chinantec of Chiltepec	San José Chiltepec, Oaxaca
	Chinantec of Tlacoatzintepec	Northern Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Comaltepec	Comaltepec, Northern Oaxaca
	Chinantec of Quiotepec (Highland Chinantec)	San Juan Quiotepec and surrounding towns, Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Lalana	25 towns on the border between Oaxaca and Veracruz
	Chinantec of Tepinapa	Northern Oaxaca, Choapan District. Very remote area.
*	Chinantec of Ojitlán	Northern Oaxaca and Veracruz municipios of Minatitlán and Hidalgotitlán
*	Chinantec of Ozumacín	San Pedro Ozumacín and surrounding towns, Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Palantla	San Juan Palantla and surrounding towns, Oaxaca
	Chinantec of Valle Nacional	Yetla, North Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Sochiapan	Northern Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Tepetotutla	Northern Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Usila	Oaxaca one town in Veracruz

Phonology

the register-tone inventory of Usila Chinantec

Chinantecan languages have ballistic syllables, apparently a kind of phonation.^[5][6][7]

All Chinantec languages are tonal. Some, such as Usila Chinantec and Ojitlán Chinantec, have five register tones (in addition to contour tones), with the extreme tones deriving historically from ballistic syllables.^[8]

Grammar

Grammars are published for Sochiapam Chinantec,^[9] and a grammar and a dictionary of Palantla (Tlatepuzco) Chinantec.^[10][11]

Example phrase:

ca¹-dsén¹=jni chi³ chieh³

‘I pulled out the hen (from the box).^[11]

The parts of this sentence are: ca¹ a prefix which marks the past tense, dsén¹ which is the verb stem meaning "to pull out an animate object", the suffix -jni referring to the first person, the noun classifier chi³ and the noun chieh³ meaning chicken.

Whistled speech

The Chinantec people have practiced whistled speech since the pre-Columbian era. The rhythm and pitch of normal Chinantec speech allow speakers of the language to have entire conversations only by whistling. The sound of whistling carries better than shouting across the canyons of mountainous Oaxaca. It enables messages to be exchanged over a distance of up to one kilometre (0.62 mi). Whistled speech is typically only used by Chinantec men, although women also understand it. Use of the whistled language is declining, as modern technology such as walkie-talkies and loudspeakers have made long-distance communication easier.^[12]

Media

Chinantec-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio stations XEOJN, broadcasting from San Lucas Ojitlán, Oaxaca, and XEGLO, broadcasting from Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca.

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  Example of Chinantec in written form from the Biblioteca Cervantina
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  Example of Chinantec in written form from the Biblioteca Cervantina