Circaea canadensis

Circaea canadensis, known as eastern enchanter's nightshade, Canada enchanter's nightshade, broad-leaved enchanter's nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant found in forests of eastern North America.^[4][5][6][7] It is very similar to its sister species, Circaea lutetiana, and was formerly considered conspecific (part of the same species).

Circaea canadensis
In Fairfax County, Virginia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Onagraceae
Genus:	Circaea
Species:	C. canadensis
Binomial name
Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill
Subspecies[1]
C. c. subsp. canadensis C. c. subsp. quadrisulcata
Synonyms[2][3]
List Circaea latifolia Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis Circaea lutetiana var. canadensis Circaea maximowiczii Circaea quadrisulcata Circaea quadrisulcata subsp. canadensis Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis

Taxonomy

Circaea canadensis was considered a variety of Circaea lutetiana by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. In 1765 the botanist John Hill published a description of it as a species creating its accepted name. It is classified in the genus Circaea within the Onagraceae family. According to Plants of the World Online it has two accepted subspecies^[1]

• Circaea canadensis subsp. canadensis
• Circaea canadensis subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Boufford

It has 13 synonyms of the species or one of its subspecies.^[1][2][3]

Table of Synonyms

Name	Year	Rank	Synonym of:	Notes
Circaea canadensis var. virginiana Fernald	1945	variety	subsp. canadensis	= het.
Circaea latifolia Hill	1756	species	subsp. canadensis	= het., opus utique oppr.
Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus	1870	subspecies	C. canadensis	≡ hom.
Circaea lutetiana var. canadensis L.	1753	variety	C. canadensis	≡ hom.
Circaea lutetiana subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Asch. & Magnus	1870	subspecies	subsp. quadrisulcata	≡ hom.
Circaea lutetiana f. quadrisulcata Maxim.	1859	form	subsp. quadrisulcata	≡ hom.
Circaea maximowiczii (H.Lév.) H.Hara	1934	species	subsp. quadrisulcata	= het., nom. illeg.
Circaea maximowiczii var. viridicalyx H.Hara	1934	variety	subsp. quadrisulcata	= het.
Circaea maximowiczii f. viridicalyx (H.Hara) Kitag.	1939	form	subsp. quadrisulcata	= het.
Circaea mollis var. maximowiczii H.Lév.	1912	variety	subsp. quadrisulcata	= het.
Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav.	1873	species	subsp. quadrisulcata	≡ hom.
Circaea quadrisulcata subsp. canadensis (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	1982	subspecies	C. canadensis	≡ hom.
Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) H.Hara	1939	variety	C. canadensis	≡ hom.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

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  Growth form and flowers