Coenzyme M

Coenzyme M is a coenzyme required for methyl-transfer reactions in the metabolism of archaeal methanogens,^[1][2] and in the metabolism of other substrates in bacteria.^[3] It is also a necessary cofactor in the metabolic pathway of alkene-oxidizing bacteria. CoM helps eliminate the toxic epoxides formed from the oxidation of alkenes such as propylene.^[4] The structure of this coenzyme was discovered by CD Taylor and RS Wolfe in 1974 while they were studying methanogenesis, the process by which carbon dioxide is transformed into methane in some archaea.^[5] The coenzyme is an anion with the formula HSCH
₂CH
₂SO⁻
₃. It is named 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and abbreviated HS–CoM. The cation is unimportant, but the sodium salt is most available. Mercaptoethanesulfonate contains both a thiol, which is the main site of reactivity, and a sulfonate group, which confers solubility in aqueous media.

Coenzyme M

Names
IUPAC name 2-Sulfanylethanesulfonate
Systematic IUPAC name 2-Sulfanylethanesulfonate
Other names 2-mercaptoethylsulfonate; 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate; coenzyme M anion; H-S-CoM; AC1L1HCY; 2-sulfanylethane-1-sulfonate; CTK8A8912
Identifiers
CAS Number	3375-50-6 (sulfonic acid form) Y 40292-31-7 (sulfonate form)
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:58319 Y
ChemSpider	3935 Y
PubChem CID	4077
UNII	VHD28S0H7F (sulfonic acid form) Y
InChI InChI=1S/C2H6O3S2/c3-7(4,5)2-1-6/h6H,1-2H2,(H,3,4,5)/p-1 Y Key: ZNEWHQLOPFWXOF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y
SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)CCS
Properties
Chemical formula	C2H5O3S2
Molar mass	141.18 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Biochemical role

Methanogenesis

The coenzyme is the C1 donor in methanogenesis. It is converted to methyl-coenzyme M thioether, the thioether CH
₃SCH
₂CH
₂SO⁻
₃, in the penultimate step to methane formation.^[6] Methyl-coenzyme M reacts with coenzyme B, 7-thioheptanoylthreoninephosphate, to give a heterodisulfide, releasing methane:

CH₃–S–CoM + HS–CoB → CH₄ + CoB–S–S–CoM

This induction is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase, which restricts cofactor F430 as the prosthetic group.

CH₃-S-CoM is produced by the MtaA-catalyzed reaction between a methylated version of monomethylamine corrinoid protein MtmC and HS-CoM. The methylated version of MtmC is in turn produced by a cobamide-dependent methyltransferase that uses trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), or monomethylamine (MMA) as the methyl donor.^[7]

Alkene metabolism

Coenzyme M is also used to make acetoacetate from CO₂ and propylene or ethylene in aerobic bacteria. Specifically, in bacteria that oxidize alkenes into epoxides. After the propylene (or other alkene) undergoes epoxidation and becomes epoxypropane it becomes electrophilic and toxic. These epoxides react with DNA and proteins, affecting cell function. Alkene-oxidizing bacteria like Xanthobacter autotrophicus^[4] use a metabolic pathway in which CoM is conjugated with an aliphatic epoxide. This step creates a nucleophilic compound which can react with CO₂. The eventual carboxylation produces acetoacetate, breaking down the propylene.^[4]

Biosynthesis

Bacteria and archaea use different synthetic routes, albeit both starting with phosphoenolpyruvate.^[8]

See also

• Mesna – a cancer chemotherapy adjuvant with the same structure