Keyword |
Middle Korean |
Old Japanese |
Proposed Proto-Japanese-Korean |
abandons |
stú ("scoops it out, removes a part from the whole") |
sute ("abandons it, throws it away") |
*sɨtu ("abandons it, throws it out") |
adds |
kwop ("doubles, increases it two-fold") |
kupape ("adds it") |
*kop ("increases it in number by adding") |
(adjectivizer) |
k ("adjectivizing suffix on nominals") |
ka ("property suffix on nominals") |
*k ("adjectivizing suffix on nominals") + *a ("deverbal") |
avoids |
skúy ("shuns, avoids; is unwilling") |
sake ("avoids, dodges") |
*səka ("avoids") |
bamboo |
táy ("bamboo") ?< *taGVy |
takey ("bamboo") |
*takəj |
basket |
kwulek ("[mesh] basket") |
kwo ("basket") |
*kura / *kuwa ("basket") |
bear |
kwom ("bear") < Proto-Korean *komá |
kuma ("bear") |
*koma ("bear") |
below |
aláy ("below") |
aye ("falls to the ground") |
*ar ("below") |
bestows |
kwomá ("reverence"), kwómáw ("honored, thankful") |
kubar / kumar ("apportions and bestows") |
*kuma ("bestows") |
bird |
say ("bird") |
sagi ("heron; suffix in bird names") |
*saŋi ("bird") |
bites |
kemelí ("leech"), kam-spol ("licks it up, sucks up food") |
kam ("bites") |
*kamɨ ("bites") |
body |
mwóm ("body")
< Old Korean *muma |
mu- / mwi ("body") |
*mom ("body") |
boils it |
nóy ("smoke, vapor") |
ni ("boils it") |
*nəj ("boils it") |
bottom |
stáh ("ground") |
sita ("below, bottom") |
*sita ("bottom") |
box |
pakwoní ("basket") |
pakwo ("box") |
*pako ("box") |
brings into life |
wum ("a sprout, a shoot, a growth") |
um ("gives birth to, brings into life") |
*um ("brings into life") |
bundles |
mwusk ("binds it into a bundle") |
musub ("binds it into a bundle") |
*musu ("binds, bundles it") |
buries it |
wumúl ("well"), wúmh ("grain pit dug out of the ground"), wumwuk-ho ("is hollow") |
ume ("buries it in the ground") |
*umu ("buries it in the ground") |
cage |
wulí ("cage") |
wori ("cage") |
*orɨj ("cage") |
carbon |
swusk ("charcoal") |
susu ("soot") |
*susu ("soot; carbon") |
carries on back |
ep ("bears, carries on the back") |
op ("bears on the back") |
*əp ("carries on back") |
carves a line |
kuzu ("draws a line, rules") |
kizam ("carves"), kisage ("shaves stone") |
*kinsɨ ("carves, cuts a line") |
cat |
kwoy ("cat") |
nekwo ("cat") |
*ko ("cat") |
ceremony |
kwús ("exorcism, shamanistic ceremony") |
kusi ("is strange, mysterious, otherwordly") |
*kusuj ("shamanistic ceremony") |
changes |
kaph ("returns it, pays it back") |
kap ("buys it"), kape ("exchanges, changes it"), kapar ("it changes") |
*kap ("it changes, changes hands") |
cheek |
pwól ("cheek") |
popo < *po-po ("cheek") |
*por ("cheek") |
chicken |
tolk ("chicken") |
tori ("bird, chicken") |
*tərəŋ ("chicken") |
closes it |
tat ("closes it") |
tat ("interrupts, cuts off, finishes it") |
*tat ("closes it") |
cloth |
swowom ("cotton") |
swo ("clothing; cloth; hemp") |
*so ("cloth") |
cloudy |
skí ("gets dusty, cloudy") |
sike ("sky gets cloudy") |
*siki ("gets cloudy") |
collects |
kat ("collects it, gathers it in") |
kate ("joins it, mixes it, adds it in") |
*kat ("collects") |
comes |
ká ("goes") |
ko ("comes") |
*kə ("comes") |
confines |
kalm ("hides it, puts it away, keeps it, treasures it") |
karame ("arrests it, catches and confines it") |
*karama ("confines it") |
congeals |
kel ("thickens, congeals; is rich, thick") |
kor ("it thickens, congeals") |
*kərɨ ("it thickens, congeals") |
correct |
mac ("is correct"), maskaw ("is correct") |
masa ("correct, upright") |
*masa ("correct, upright") |
countryside |
wúy ánh ("countryside") |
wi naka ("countryside") |
*uj ("countryside") + inside |
daytime |
nác ("daytime; afternoon")
< Early Middle Korean *nacay |
natu ("summer") |
*nacu ("daytime") |
deep inside |
swop / swok ("deep inside") ?< *swowók |
oku ("deep inside, interior") |
*owoku ("deep inside") |
dissolves / lonely |
súl ("disappears, dissolves, rusts"), sulgwú ("makes it dissolve, rusts"), sulphu ("is sad"), sulh ("is sad") |
sabwi ("rusts"), sabu, EMJ sabi ("is sad, lonely") |
*sɨr ("dissolves; sad, lonely") |
drags |
kuzu ("drags, draws, pulls") |
kozi ("pulls out by the roots") |
*kɨnsɨ ("drags out") |
drawn in |
pemúli ("gets drawn in"), pemúl ("surrounds, encircles"), pemúl ("intrudes in") |
pame ("throws it in, drops it in") |
*pamɨ ("it gets drawn in") |
drops |
twú ("keeps, leaves it as is, places it down") |
otos ("drops it"), oti ("it drops down"), otor ("is low") |
*ɨtɨ ("drops, puts down") |
each |
mata ("each one, every") |
mata ("again; every"), mata-si ("all, complete") |
*mata ("each, every") |
edge |
pask ("outside") |
pasi ("outside edge") |
*pasi ("edge") |
empties |
sku, pskú ("puts it out, turns off, extinguishes, quenches it") |
suk ("empties, is empty") |
*sukɨ ("empties") |
end |
patáng, modern korean patak ("sole, bottom") |
pate ("limit, end"), patas ("makes it an end") |
*pataŋ ("end") |
enfolds |
mek ("eats, holds in the mouth; harbors, takes in, has inside") |
mak ("enfolds, rolls up, encircles") |
*mek or *mak ("enfolds") |
et cetera |
(i)yá / (i)yé ("whether, or") |
ya ("also, and the like") |
*ja ("whether; et cetera") |
evergreen |
swól ("pine") |
sugwi ("cryptomeria [japanese cedar]") |
*suŋor ("evergreen") |
exchanges |
kaph ("repays") kaps ("price") < *kap ("exchanges") |
kap ("buys") |
*kap ("exchanges") |
exhausts |
cwuk ("dies") |
tukwi ("is exhausted, used up") tukus ("exhausts it, uses it up") |
*cuk ("is exhausted") + Proto-Japanese *wo ("active marker") |
expresses emotion |
noch ("face, expression") |
natuk ("expresses emotion; is fond of") |
*nəcuk ("expresses emotion") |
extremity |
kiph ("is deep") |
kipa ("extremity") |
*kipa ("depth, extremity") |
faces |
mwok ("neck") |
muk ("turn one"s head, faces") |
*mok ("faces") |
faint |
kaskaw ("is close to"), kezúy ("almost") |
kasu-ka ("faint"), kasu ("barely") |
*kasu ("faint") |
farm field |
path ("farm field") |
pata, patake ("farm field") |
*pata ("farm field") |
fat |
pwutúlew ("soft"), modern korean pwutwung ("chubby") |
putwo ("fat") |
*puto ("fat") |
ferments |
sek ("rots, ferments") |
saka / sakey ("alcohol, rice wine") |
*sek ("ripens, grows [rotten]") |
fills |
tam ("fills it up") |
tamar ("it fills up"), tame ("fills it") |
*tama ("fills it") |
fire |
púl ("fire") |
pwi / po ("fire") |
*pɨr ("fire") |
flattens it |
tatóm ("smooths cloth, trims it, rubs it together"), modern korean tatumicil ("beating cloth out to smooth it") |
tatam ("folds it up, layers it"), tatami ("mat, flattened thing") |
*tatəm ("folds, flattens it"), tatəm-i ("flattening") |
fork |
motoy ("joint, knuckle") |
mata ("fork, bend; crotch") |
*mataj or *mətaj ("fork, bend") |
full |
michu / micho ("reaches it") |
mit ("gets full, reaches its limit") |
*mica ("reaches, gets full") |
gathers a crowd |
múli / mwuli / mwúl ("crowd") |
mure ("gathers a crowd") |
*mur(u) ("gathers a crowd") |
gets |
et ("gets it") |
atar ("gets it") |
*atɨ ("gets it") |
goes out |
ná ("goes out; is born") |
nar ("becomes") |
*na ("goes out") |
grabs |
az ("grabs it") |
asar ("scavenges it") |
*asa ("grabs it") |
harbors |
phwúm ("embraces, harbors") |
pukum ("harbor, comprise, contain") |
*pukum ("embraces, harbors") |
hatchet |
nát ("sickle, scythe") |
nata ("machete; small, thick bladed instrument") |
*natə ("bladed instrument for chopping plants") |
heart |
kwokoyyang ("heart or core of vegetable, pith"), kwokáy ("head") |
kokoro ("seat of feeling / thought; emotion") |
*kəkərə ("the heart, core, essence") |
heats with fire |
tahí ("makes a fire, heats with fire") |
tak ("heats with fire") |
*taka ("heats with fire") |
high |
talak ("loft, attic") |
take / taka ("height") |
*takar ("height") |
holds |
motó, moti ("is long-lasting, is durable; keeps things") |
mot ("holds") |
*mətə ("holds") |
hot |
tew ("hot") tos / toso / tusu ("hot"), tusi ("warmly") |
atu-si ("hot") |
*ətu ("hot") |
husk |
kephí ("husk, bark") |
kabi ("husk") |
*kaŋpiri ("husk") |
imposes |
sikhó ("orders, commands"), sikpu ("wants [to do]") |
sik ("imposes, lays out, takes a position, commands") |
*sik ("makes, imposes") |
indeed |
kús ("certainly, without fail") |
koso ("indeed, verily, without fail") |
*kɨsə ("indeed") = *kɨ ("this") + *sə ("that, that thing") |
inserts |
pak ("inserts it, fills it") |
pak ("puts on, slips on [lower body clothing, footwear])" |
*pak ("puts it through") |
(interrogative) |
ká (interrogative suffix for yes/no questions) |
ka (interrogative suffix (kmp); distal demonstrative) |
*ka ("that [distal]"; interrogative suffix problematizing an identification) |
island |
syem ("island") |
sima ("island"), sime ("closes it off") |
*sima ("enclosed area; island") |
jar |
twok ("jar, pot") |
tuki ("cup, saucer [for alcohol]") |
*toki ("jar") |
just |
tamón / tamóyn ("only, just") |
damwi ("just, about") |
*tam ("just") |
late |
nuc ("is late") |
noti ("later, afterwards") |
*nɨc ("is late") |
loves |
kwoy ("is loved") |
kwopwi ("loves") |
*kopo ("loves it") |
lurks |
swúm ("hides, lurks in (of animals)") |
sum ("lives, resides in") |
*sum ("lurks, resides") |
magpie |
kachí ("magpie") |
kasa-sagi ("magpie") |
*kacɨ ("magpie"), + *saŋi ("bird") |
meshes |
elk ("binds, ties up, meshes together"), modern korean wolk ("weaves together") |
or ("weaves") |
*ər ("ties with string, rope, meshes") |
mold |
kwomphwúy ("mildew, mold grows") |
kabwi ("mildew, mold") |
*kənpom |
mother |
émí / émanim ("mother") |
omo ("mother") |
*əmə ("mother") |
mows |
kal ("plows it, cultivates it") |
kar ("mows, harvests it") |
*kara ("mows it") |
much |
manhó ("is many") man ("only, just") |
mane-si, (s)amane-si ("many times, many") |
*mana ("much") + *i ("be") |
now |
imúy, imuysye ("already") |
ima ("now") |
*imaj / *ima ("being interval; now") |
odor |
kwusu ("is pleasantly odorous") |
kusa-si ("is smelly") |
*kusa ("odor") |
only |
spwun ("only, just") |
sapey ("if only, just") |
*sapɨn ("only, just") |
opens |
akwoy ("hole, place where things come open or come apart") |
ak ("it opens up") |
*ak ("it opens") |
picks up |
tul ("holds up, raises") |
tor ("picks up") |
*tɨr ("picks up") |
pigeon |
pitwulí, pitwulki ("pigeon") |
patwo ("pigeon") |
*pato ("pigeon") |
place |
tóy ("place") |
te ("place [suffix]") |
*təj ("place [suffix]") |
prepares water |
kóm ("bathes (a bath)") |
kum ("draws water") |
*kɨmo ("draws, prepares water") |
proceeds |
pek ("is next, is after") |
poka ("other, besides") |
*pək ("comes after"), *pəka ("that which has come after") |
rain |
*mah ("east-asian rainy season, rain") |
ama / ame ("rain") |
*əmaŋ ("rain") |
raptor |
may ("eagle; suffix in bird names") |
mey ("suffix in bird names") |
*mari ("predatory bird; suffix in bird names") |
rubs |
moncí, moní ("strokes, touches it") |
mom ("kneads, rubs") |
*məm ("touches, rubs") |
same |
kóthó, kót, kotho ("is similar, same") |
(no) goto si ("is similar, same") |
*kətə ("same") |
sea |
patáh ("sea") |
wata ("sea") |
*wat-a ("that which has been crossed; sea") |
seaweed(1) |
mól ("seaweed") |
mo, mey ("seaweed") |
*mər ("seaweed") |
section |
kic ("a divided share") |
kida / kita ("counter for cuts, sections; measurement of fabric and plots of land") |
*kinca ("a cut, section") |
sent out |
pwonáy ("releases, sends it") |
panas / panat ("releases it") |
*pə-na ("see + go out") |
sets it down |
swuy ("it rests") |
suwe ("sets it, sets it down") |
*suwu ("sets it down") |
shape |
kací ("kind, sort, variety") |
kata ("shape, form") |
*kacaj / kaca ("shape") |
shines |
pozóy ("is shiny, is dazzled") |
posi ("star") |
*pəsə ("shines") |
shuts in |
kóm ("shuts [the eyes], closes [the eyes]") |
komor ("is shut inside") |
*kəmə ("shuts it in) |
sidelines |
yehúy / yehoy ("be separated from (a loved one)") |
yoke ("avoids it, averts it") |
*jəkə-i ("sidelines; is aside") |
(simple past tense) |
ke ("perfective verb marker") |
ki ("simple past marker") |
*kə ("past tense verb marker"), < *kə ("comes") |
situation |
pa ("place, situation, condition") |
pa (conditional verb suffix; nominal topic/focus marker) |
*pa ("place; situation") |
skewers |
kwoc ("skewers, stabs it") kwoc ("skewer") |
kusi ("skewer") |
*koc ("skewers it"), *koc-i ("a skewer") |
skin |
kaphól ("sheath"), kepcil ("bark") |
kapa ("skin") |
*kapa ("skin") |
small bamboo |
sasól ("bamboo branch, stick for drawing lots") |
sasa ("bamboo grass, small bamboo") |
*sasa ("small bamboo") |
small piece |
cwokak ("piece, shard") |
sukwo-si ("little bit") |
*cok ("is a small piece") |
snake |
póyyám / póyam ("snake") |
peymi ("snake") |
*pəjami ("snake") |
soaks through |
súmúy ("permeates it, soaks through it") |
some ("dyes it") |
*sɨmɨ ("it soaks through") |
sour |
soy, swuy ("turns sour") |
suyur ("turns sour") |
*sɨju ("turns sour") |
speaks |
íp ("mouth") |
ip ("says") |
*ip ("speaks") |
spider |
kemúy ("spider") |
kumo ("spider") |
*komo ("spider") |
splits it |
kask ("trims, cuts it") |
sak ("splits it") |
*sak ("splits it by cutting") |
stale |
kwut ("is hard") |
kutar ("gets old, stale, rotten") |
*kut ("gets stale, hard") |
suits for use |
psú ("uses it") |
pusap ("suits, is suitable") |
*pusa ("uses it; suits it for use") |
sun |
hóy ("sun; year") |
ka / key ("day"), koyomi ("calendar") |
*xəj ("sun") |
swamp |
nwup ("swamp, bog") |
numa ("swamp, bog") |
*nu ("swamp, wet") |
swells |
pulu / pull ("gets full, (stomach) swells") |
puye ("increases, swells", puyas ("makes it increase") |
*purɨr ("swells") |
takes in |
tothwó ("fights"), thi ("strikes"), tho ("takes in, receives") |
tatak ("strikes"), tatakap ("fights") |
*takə ("takes in, receives"), *ta(r)takə ("strikes") |
that (mesial) |
so ("the fact, the thing"; complementizer) |
so ("that [mesial]") |
*sə ("that [mesial]"; complementizer)) |
this |
ku ("that (mesial)") |
ko ("this (proximal)") |
*kɨ ("this (proximal)") |
time period |
woláy ("long time") |
wori ("period of time, time") |
*orɨj ("period of time") |
time when |
cek, cey ("time when") |
toki ("time when") |
*ceki ("time when") |
together |
tamós ("together") |
tomo ("together; companion") |
*təmə ("together") + pk *s ("substantive") |
uproar |
sa(g)wónaw ("is rough, wild, fierce") |
sawak ("is noisy, bustling"), sawa'-sawa ("noisy") |
*sawə ("uproarious") |
vacant |
pwuy ("is empty") |
pima ("open, spare time") |
*pi ("vacant") |
valued |
pum ("matters, bears a connection to") |
pome ("praises it") |
*pɨm ("is valued") |
walks |
ke:t- ("walks") |
kati ("walking") |
*katu ("walks") |
wasp |
pátólí ("yellowjacket") |
pati ("bee") |
*pator ("wasp") |
waterlogged |
mol ("soaks it in liquid") |
mor ("leaks"), mor ("fills up") |
*mər ("gets filled with water, water-logged") |
wears |
kís ("lapel, collar; outer layer of cloth") |
ki ("wears on the body") |
*ki ("wears on the body") |
weaves |
pcó ("weaves together") |
pata ("loom; woven cloth") |
*pəca ("weaves") |
wet highland |
swúp, swuphúl, swúh ("forest") |
sapa ("swamp, mountain, marsh, glen") |
*sɨpa ("wet highland") |
what |
musúk ("what") musu ("what, which [prenoun])") < *musuk |
mosi ("perchance"; adverb introducing polar interrogatives) |
*mɨsɨŋ ("which") |
whether |
na ("whether, or, although") |
na ("whether or, both, and") |
*na ("whether") |
wild field |
nwón ("wet field") |
nwo ("wild field, plain") |
*non or *no ("wild field") |
wishes |
pólá- ("wishes it") |
por- ("wishes it") |
*pə-ara- ("wishes it") |
woman |
myenól, myenólí, myenúlí ("daughterinlaw") |
mye ("woman, wife") < Proto-Japanese *me |
*me ("woman") |
wood |
kuluh ("tree stump") |
kwi ("tree, wood") < *kəj |
*kɨr ("wood") |
word |
kolochí ("instructs, teaches"), kol ("words, speaking"), ilkhot/l ("calls out") |
koto ("word; thing"), katar ("tells") |
*kətə ("word; thing [non-concrete]") |
wraps |
cwúm, cwumekwúy ("fist") |
tum ("grasps, wraps") |
*cum ("wraps, grasps in hand") |