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Comparison of Java virtual machines
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![]() | This article needs to be updated. (March 2019) |
Version information
More information Name, Creator ...
Name | Creator | First public release | Latest stable version | Latest release date | Cost, availability | License |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eclipse OpenJ9 (formerly IBM J9) | IBM | 15 Mar 2018[1] | 0.51.0[2] ![]() |
5 May 2025; 2 months ago (5 May 2025) | Free | Eclipse Public License 2.0 Apache License 2.0 |
GCJ | GNU | 6 September 1998 | 6.4 (Terminal) | 4 July 2017 | Free | GPL version 2 or later, with the "libgcc exception"[3] |
GraalVM | Oracle | May 2019 | Oracle GraalVM for JDK 24[4] ![]() |
18 March 2025; 4 months ago (18 March 2025) | Free | GPL version 2 only |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Sun Microsystems, Oracle | 27 April 1999 | jdk-16 | 16 March 2021 | Free | GPL version 2 only |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Sun Microsystems, Oracle | 27 April 1999 | jdk 16 | 16 March 2021 | Free | Proprietary |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | Sun Microsystems, Oracle | 27 April 1999 | ? | ? | Commercial | Proprietary[5] |
HotSpot, Zero port | Gary Benson[6] | ? | ? | ? | Free | GPL version 2 only |
IKVM | Jeroen Frijters | 28 June 2004 | 8.12.0[7] ![]() |
27 June 2025; 25 days ago (27 June 2025) | Free | zlib License[8] |
JAmiga | Peter Werno, Joakim Nordström | 19 May 2005[9] | 1.2 | 6 January 2014 | Free | GPL version 2 or later |
JamVM | Robert Lougher | 13 March 2003 | 2.0.0 | 30 July 2014 | Free | GPL version 2 or later |
Jato VM | Pekka Enberg and contributors[10] | ? | 0.3[11] | 4 January 2012[11] | Free | GPL version 2 only[10] |
JC virtual machine | Archie L. Cobbs | ? | 1.4.7 | 13 November 2005 | Free | LGPL version 2.1 or later |
Jikes RVM | IBM | 14 October 2001 | 3.1.4[12] | 18 February 2016[12] | Free | Eclipse Public License version 1.0[13] |
Kaffe | Transvirtual Technologies | 1996 | 1.1.9 | 22 February 2008 | Free | GPL version 2 or later[14] |
Mysaifu JVM | ? | 16 April 2005[15] | 0.4.8[15] | 5 March 2010[15] | Free | GPL version 2 only[15] |
SableVM | Sable Research Group | ? | 1.13 | 30 March 2007[16] | Free | LGPL version 2.1 or later |
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Technical information
More information JVM, Status ...
JVM | Status | Latest supported Java version | Supported class libraries | Performance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GNU Classpath | OpenJDK | Other | Interpretation | AOT | JIT | |||
GCJ | No longer maintained or distributed by GNU as of GCC 7[17] | ? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Reference implementation. | 1.8 | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Reference implementation. | 1.8 | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | ? | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ||
HotSpot, Zero port | Interpreter-only port of OpenJDK using almost no assembly language and designed to be very portable. | 1.7 | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
IKVM | 1.8[18] | ? | ? | Depends on .NET runtime | ||||
JAmiga | 1.4[19] | Yes[20] | No | Yes[21] | No | No | ||
JamVM | 1.8[22] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | No | Yes[23] | ||
Jato VM | 1.6[24] | Yes[11] | No[25] | No[25] | No[25] | Yes[11] | ||
JC virtual machine | Translates Java to C and compiles it with a C compiler. | 1.4[26] | Yes[27] | No | Yes[28] | Yes[28] | Yes[28] | |
Jikes RVM | 1.6[29] | Yes[30] | Port[31][32] | Apache Harmony[30] | No[33] | ? | Yes | |
Kaffe | 1.4[14] | Yes[14] | No | Yes[14] | No[14] | Yes[14] | ||
Mysaifu JVM | ? | Yes[34] | No | Yes[35] | No[35] | No[35] | ||
SableVM | Unmaintained | 1.4 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
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Supported CPU architectures
More information JVM, x86 ...
JVM | x86 | x86-64 | SPARC | MIPS | Itanium | Power ISA | ARM | Alpha | S/390 | z/Architecture | m68k |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCJ | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | No[36] | No[36] |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Yes[37] | Yes[37] | Solaris only[37] | Port[38][39] | No[37] | PowerPC/AIX port[40] | Yes[37] | No[37] | No[37] | No[37] | No[37] |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Yes[37] | Yes[37] | Solaris only[37] | No[37] | Java 1.6[41] | No[37] | Yes[37] | No[37] | No[37] | No[37] | No[37] |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | ? | ? | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | ? | ? | ? | ? |
HotSpot, Zero port | Yes[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] | Yes[42] | Yes[42] | Yes[42] | Yes[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] | Yes[42] | No[42] |
IKVM | Depends on .NET runtime | ||||||||||
JAmiga | ? | ? | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
JamVM | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | No[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | No[23] | No[23] | No[23] | No[23] |
Jato VM | Yes[11] | Under development[43] | No | No | No | Under development[43] | Preliminary ARMv5 support[25] | No | No | No | No |
JC virtual machine | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Jikes RVM | Yes[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | Yes[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] |
Kaffe | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | No[14] | Yes[14] |
Mysaifu JVM | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | Yes[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] |
SableVM | Yes[46] | Yes | Yes[46] | Yes | Yes[46] | Yes[46] | Yes[46] | Yes[46] | Yes[46] | No[46] | Yes[46] |
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Supported operating systems
More information JVM, Windows ...
JVM | Windows | Linux | FreeBSD | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Solaris | OpenSolaris | Darwin | macOS | AIX | IRIX | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCJ | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | ? | ? | Yes[36] | ? | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | ? | Yes[36] | DEC OSF 4.0f and 5.1, Hitachi SH-3/4 micro-controller[36] |
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition | Yes[47] (distributed as source code) | Yes | Port[48] | Port[48] | Port[48] | Yes | Yes[49] | ? | Yes[50] | Port[40] | No | OS/2port,[51] Haiku port[52] |
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition | Yes[37] | Yes[37] | No | No | No | Yes[37] | ? | ? | Yes[37] | No | No | |
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | Yes[5] | ?[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | No[5] | |
HotSpot, Zero port | No[42][53] | Yes[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | No[42][53] | |
IKVM | Depends on .NET runtime | |||||||||||
JAmiga | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | AmigaOS |
JamVM | No[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | No[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | Yes[23] | No[23] | No[23] | Jailbroken iPhone,[22] kFreeBSD |
Jato VM | No[43] | Yes[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | No[43] | Under development[43] | ?[43] | No[43] | No[43] | |
JC virtual machine | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
Jikes RVM | No[44] | Yes[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | No[44] | Yes[44] | Yes[44] | No[44] | |
Kaffe | Using Cygwin[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | ? | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | AmigaOS, BeOS, several others[14] |
Mysaifu JVM | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | No[45] | Windows Mobile |
SableVM | Using Cygwin[46] | Yes[46] | Yes[46] | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Yes[46] | ? | ? |
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References
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