Coniothyrium

Coniothyrium is a genus of fungi in the family Coniothyriaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda in 1840.^[2] It was formerly placed in the Phaeosphaeriaceae family until 1983 when the family was established.

Coniothyrium
Coniothyrium ilicis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Dothideomycetes
Order:	Pleosporales
Family:	Coniothyriaceae
Genus:	Coniothyrium Corda (1840)
Type species
Coniothyrium palmarum Corda (1840)
Synonyms[1]
Clisosporium Fr. (1819) Cyclobium C.Agardh (1821) Monoplodia Westend. (1859) Coniothyrinula Petr. (1923)

The genus are diverse geographically,^[3] and have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world.^[4]

The etymology of Coniothyrium is derived from New Latin, from coni- (from conus) and thyr- (from Greek thyreos meaning oblong shield, from thyra meaning door) and -ium (ending for a genus).^[5]

Coniothyrium palmarum is the type species of the genus Coniothyrium. It is characterised by ostiolate pycnidial (asexual fruiting body) conidiomata, annellidic conidiogenous cells, the absence of conidiophores, and brown, thick-walled, 0- or 1-septate, verrucose conidia. Coniothyrium is similar morphologically to some species in the genus Microsphaeropsis. However, Microsphaeropsis is characterised by the production of phialidic conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickening, and thin-walled, pale greenish brown conidia.^[3]

Species Coniothyrium glycines (R.B. Stewart) Verkley & Gruyter (2012) is known to cause red leaf blotch on Soyabean.^[6] While Coniothyrium fuckelii is also a known plant pathogen (causing stem canker,^[7]) that has also been known to cause infections in immunocompromised humans.^[8] Coniothyrium phyllachorae Maubl. (1904) with other fungus species such as Phyllachora maydis Maubl. and Monographella maydis Müller & Samuels are the causes of Latin America tar spot complex in places such as Guatemala, Mexico, Colombia, and El Salvador.^[9]

Species Coniothyrium ferrarisianum has been isolated from leaves of Daphne mucronata Royle in Iran,^[10] it was originally isolated from Acer pseudoplatanus L. in Italy in 1958,^[11] and it was later found on Vitis vinifera L. in Canada in 2017,^[12] as well as Prunus spp. in Germany in 2020,^[13] and also from Olea europaea L. in South Africa in 2020.^[14]

Species

The Species Fungorum list up to 450 species, in 2023),^[15] and the GBIF lists up to 499 species.^[4]

Main article: List of Coniothyrium species

A selected few species are shown here.

• Coniothyrium abutilonis Khokhr. (1933)
• Coniothyrium acaciae Trotter (1916)
• Coniothyrium bambusae I. Miyake & Hara (1910)
• Coniothyrium batumense Siemaszko (1923)
• Coniothyrium caespitulosum Sacc. (1878)
• Coniothyrium carpaticum Petr. (1927)
• Coniothyrium celtidis-australis (Sacc.) Biga, Cif. & Bestagno (1959)
• Coniothyrium coffeae Zimm. (1902)
• Coniothyrium concentricum (Desm.) Sacc. (1878)
• Coniothyrium conicola Vestergr. (1902)
• Coniothyrium conorum Sacc. & Roum. (1882)
• Coniothyrium crepinianum Sacc. & Roum. (1884)
• Coniothyrium cydoniae Brunaud (1892)
• Coniothyrium dispersellum P. Karst. (1884)
• Coniothyrium dracaenae F. Stevens & Weedon (1925)
• Coniothyrium equiseti Lambotte & Fautrey (1896)
• Coniothyrium fluviatile Kabát & Bubák (1904)
• Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc. (1876)
• Coniothyrium genistae (Roum.) Berl. & Voglino (1886)
• Coniothyrium glycines (R.B. Stewart) Verkley & Gruyter (2012)
• Coniothyrium henriquesii Thüm. (1879)
• Coniothyrium ilicis A.L. Sm. & Ramsb. (1917)
• Coniothyrium insitivum Sacc. (1878)
• Coniothyrium jasmini (Thüm.) Sacc. (1884)
• Coniothyrium juniperi Schwarzman (1968)
• Coniothyrium kallangurense B. Sutton & Alcorn (1975)
• Coniothyrium lavandulae Maire (1937)
• Coniothyrium leguminum (Rabenh.) Sacc. (1892)
• Coniothyrium marrubii Fairm. (1923)
• Coniothyrium obiones Jaap (1907)
• Coniothyrium oleae Pollacci (1911)
• Coniothyrium palmarum Corda (1840)
• Coniothyrium palmicola (Fr.) Starbäck (1894)
• Coniothyrium phlomidis Jaap (1916)
• Coniothyrium platani Sacc. (1878)
• Coniothyrium populina S. Ahmad (1971)
• Coniothyrium psammae Oudem. (1898)
• Coniothyrium pteridis A.L. Sm. (1916)
• Coniothyrium quercinum (Bonord.) Sacc. (1884)
• Coniothyrium rhododendri Henn. (1903)
• Coniothyrium rosarum Cooke & Harkn. (1882)
• Coniothyrium sarothamni (Thüm.) Sacc. (1884)
• Coniothyrium sphaerospermum Fuckel (1870)
• Coniothyrium stipae Săvul. & Sandu (1940)
• Coniothyrium tamaricis Oudem. (1901)
• Coniothyrium tenue Died. (1914)
• Coniothyrium trifolii Naumov (1913)
• Coniothyrium ulmeum P. Karst. (1884)
• Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae Laubert (1905)
• Coniothyrium yuccae Speg. (1902)