Constitutionalist Revolution

Not to be confused with Persian Constitutional Revolution.

The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 (sometimes also referred to as Paulista War or Brazilian Civil War^[1]) is the name given to the uprising of the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, when Getúlio Vargas assumed the nation's presidency. Vargas was supported by the people, the military and the political elites of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Paraíba. The movement grew out of local resentment over Vargas' rule-by-decree, unbound by a Constitution, in a provisional government. The 1930 Revolution also affected São Paulo by eroding the autonomy that Brazilian states enjoyed during the term of the 1891 Constitution and preventing the inauguration of the governor of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, who had been elected president of Brazil in 1930, while also simultaneously overthrowing President Washington Luís, who was governor of São Paulo from 1920 to 1924. These events marked the end of the First Brazilian Republic.

Constitutionalist Revolution
From top to bottom and left to right: A Schneider-Canet 150mm cannon used by São Paulo Rebel armored flamethrower car Government Renault FT tanks advancing towards the Itaguaré sector Minas Gerais troops entering the town of Cruzeiro São Paulo soldiers entrenched near the southern sector Colonel Lerí Santos, commander of the Minas Gerais southern brigade Mantiqueira rail tunnel taken by Minas Gerais troops One of the armored trains built by the São Paulo insurgents
Date July 9 – October 2, 1932 (2 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location São Paulo and some parts of Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Result Government and loyalist victory Brazilian Constitution of 1934
Belligerents
Constitutionalists São Paulo São Paulo Police 2nd Army Maracaju Gaúcho United Front	Federal government Brazilian Army Army Aviation Brazilian Navy Marine Corps Naval Aviation Loyalists Police Corps Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro Paraná
Commanders and leaders
Pedro de Toledo Isidoro Dias Lopes Bertoldo Klinger Euclides Figueiredo Júlio de Mesquita Marcondes Salgado Artur Bernardes Vespasiano Martins Borges de Medeiros	Getúlio Vargas Góis Monteiro Valdomiro Lima Augusto Cardoso Eduardo Gomes
Strength
40,000 soldiers (Police, Army and volunteers) 30 Armored Vehicles 44 artillery 9–10 aircraft	100,000 soldiers (Army, Navy and Police) 90 Armored Vehicles 250 artillery 58 aircraft 4 Warships (Naval blockade of the Port of Santos)
Casualties and losses
2,500 estimated dead unknown number of wounded	1,050 estimated dead 3,800 wounded

The Revolution's main goal was to press the provisional government headed by Getúlio Vargas to adopt and then abide by a new Constitution, since Júlio Prestes was kept from taking office.^{[citation needed]} However, as the movement developed and resentment against Vargas and his revolutionary government grew deeper, it came to advocate the overthrow of the Federal Government. It was even speculated that one of the Revolutionaries' goals was the secession of São Paulo from the Brazilian federation. On the other hand, it is noted that the separatist scenario was used as a guerrilla tactic by the Federal Government to turn the population in the rest of the country against the state of São Paulo, broadcasting the alleged separatist threat throughout the country. There is no evidence that the movement's commanders sought separatism.^{[citation needed]}

The uprising began on July 9 1932, after four protesting students were killed by government troops on May 23 1932. In the wake of their deaths, a movement called MMDC started, named after the initials of the names of each of the four students killed: Martins, Miragaia, Dráusio, and Camargo. A fifth victim, Alvarenga, was also shot that night, but died months later.

Over the following months, the state of São Paulo rebelled against the federal government. Counting on the support of the political elites of two other powerful states, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, the politicians from São Paulo expected a quick war. However, the expected support did not materialize, and São Paulo's revolt was overwhelmed by force on October 2 1932. In total, there were 87 days of fighting (July 9 to October 4 1932), with a total of 934 official deaths, though unofficial estimates report up to 2,200 dead, and many cities in the state of São Paulo suffered damage.

In spite of its military defeat, some of the movement's main demands were granted by Vargas afterwards: the appointment of a non-military state governor, the election of a Constituent Assembly, and the enactment of a new Constitution in 1934. However, the new Constitution was short-lived, as in 1937, amidst growing extremism on the left and right wings of the political spectrum. Vargas closed the National Congress and enacted another Constitution, which established the so-called Estado Novo after a coup d'état.

July 9 marks the beginning of the Revolution of 1932, and is a holiday and the most important civic date of the state of São Paulo. The Paulistas (as the inhabitants of São Paulo are known) consider the Revolution of 1932 as the greatest movement of their civic history. It was the first major revolt against the government of Getúlio Vargas. ^{[citation needed]}

Opposing forces

According to García de Gabiola (the first author writing a work in English and Spanish about this topic), when the revolution began, the Paulistas only swayed one of the 8 divisions of the Brazilian Army (the 2nd Division, based in São Paulo), and half of the Mixed Brigade based in the southern part of Mato Grosso. These forces were reinforced by the Força Pública Paulista (the military police of São Paulo state), and the MMDC militias. In all, there were some 11,000–15,000 men at the beginning of the conflict, later joined by thousands of volunteers.^[2] In fact, according to authors such as Hilton, São Paulo equipped some 40 battalions of volunteers, but García de Gabiola states that he had identified up to 80 of them, of some 300 men each.^[3] At the end, taking into account that in the São Paulo state armory's there were only between 15,000 and 29,000 rifles depending on the source, the Paulistas were never able to arm more than 35,000 men maximum.^[4] Additionally, the Paulistas had only 6 million cartridges, failing their attempts to acquire some additional 500 million, so, for an army of some 30,000 men fighting for 3 months, it represented a mere 4.4 cartridges a day per soldier.^[5] Brazil equipped approximately 100,000 men, but taking into account that a third of this amount never went to the front (they were kept to protect the rearguards and for security purposes in the other states), their numerical superiority was of some 2 to 1.^[6]

The Paulista and Federal Aviation

Concerning the aviation(only taking into account the airworthy combat devices), according to García de Gabiola, who partially disagrees with Daroz and Hagedorn, the Paulistas were able to gather three Wacos CSO (two of them only armed with portable handguns, and the third one, armed, defected from the federals), two Potez 24TOE (one of them, the A-212 made the first downing of an enemy airplane in the Americas, before the Chaco War), one NiD.72 (defected from the federals), and four Curtis Falcons acquired by the Paulistas during the war. Three of them were destroyed along the war: a Falcon by AA fire, a Potez by accident, and another being bombed on land. In front of them, the federals had six airworthy Potez 24TOE (three more were useless), 19 Wacos CSO (four at the beginning of the war, then one defecting to the rebels, and 15 more acquired as reinforcements), two Nid. 72 (one defecting to the rebels), one Amiot 122 (near unused, and another one being repaired), three S.55 (with three more being repaired) and two Martin PM.1 seaplanes, and four O2U Corsairs. Of these ones, two Potez were destroyed (one downed and the other by accident, but being then both repaired),four Wacos destroyed (one by accident, other by AA fire, and 2 others bombed from the air by Paulista aviation in the most daring operation of the war, and another one defected), one Martin destroyed by accident and also a Corsair.^[7]

Course of the conflict

The main front was initially the eastern Paraíba Valley that led to Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil. The 2nd Division revolted and advanced against Rio de Janeiro, but was stopped dead by the loyal 1st Division based there under the command of General Góis Monteiro, on the border between the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. According to Hilton,^[8] General Tasso Fragoso, the chief of staff of the Brazilian Army, tried to oppose the deployment of the 1st Division in the valley, believing they were friendly to the rebels, but according to García de Gabiola^[9] he was likely just trying to protect the government based in Rio de Janeiro in case of a similar revolt happening there. In any case, Monteiro finally overruled Fragoso, and the 1st Division was placed there just in time to block the Paulista advance In the Paraíba, Góis Monteiro created the East Detachment, reaching some 20-24,000 men, against some 8,000 to 12,000 Paulistas, but after three months of trench warfare and despite advancing some 70 kilometres (43 mi), the government forces were still some 150 kilometres (93 mi) from the capital São Paulo when the war ended.^[10]

In the south of São Paulo, government forces created the South Detachment, made of the federal 3rd and 5th divisions, three cavalry divisions, and the gaucho brigade of Rio Grande do Sul, reaching 18,000 men against just 3,000 to 5,000 Paulistas, depending on the date. The federal forces broke through the rebel defensive line in Itararé on July 17, producing the largest advance in the war, but they were still very far from São Paulo when the war ended.^[11] Finally, the decisive front was the Minas Gerais Front, which was only active after August 2. The 4th Federal Division, based in Minas Gerais, together with the Police of Minas Gerais and other states' troops, broke through the rebel defensive line in Eleutério (a district of Itapira) on August 26, advancing some 50 kilometres (31 mi) towards Campinas, adding 18,000 (then 24,000) soldiers against some 7,000 Paulistas. The 4th Division was only 70 kilometres (43 mi) from São Paulo. The Paulistas surrendered on October 2 to General Valdomiro Lima, uncle of Vargas' wife, Darci Vargas.^[12]

In the naval theater, the Brazilian Navy had designated a naval task force to blockade São Paulo's main port, the Port of Santos, aiming to cut the rebels' only supply line by sea.

On July 10 the destroyer Mato Grosso left the port of Rio de Janeiro. The following day, the scout cruiser Rio Grande do Sul, escorted by two destroyers, Pará and Sergipe.^{[sentence fragment]} To support the mission, the Brazilian Naval Aviation sent three Savoia-Marchetti S.55A (numbers 1, 4, and 8) and two Martin PM (numbers 111 and 112) flying boats. These five planes left Galeão on July 12. All were temporarily based at the caves of the island of São Sebastião near the village of Vila Bela (now Ilhabela). The Brazilian Navy also intended to send some Vought O2U-2A Corsair scout and observation biplanes to Vila Bela, but Naval Aviation did not trust them to operate as floatplanes from the caves of the island, so it decided to expand the small airstrip next to the village so that they could operate with landing gear.

In popular culture

The Revolution plays a key role in the setting of Peter Fleming's book Brazilian Adventure, an offbeat portrayal by a British man caught in the midst of the fighting.

Gallery

• 
  19th Infantry Battalion of the Military Police of Minas Gerais moving forward to the battle against the Paulistas.
• 
  Constitutionalist Revolution recruiting poster, showing a Bandeirante with dictator Getúlio Vargas, in his hand.
• 
  Paulista propaganda poster showing the flag of Brazil and São Paulo.
• 
  Convocation poster for Paulista volunteer nurses.
• 
  Rebel troops.
• 
  Loyalist soldiers in combat under machine gun fire.
• 
  Rebel soldiers entrenched in the outskirts of Amparo.
• 
  Loyalist soldiers in combat.
• 
  Paulista cavalry volunteer.
• 
  The teacher Maria Sguassábia volunteered in the trenches of São Paulo in 1932.
• 
  Brazilian loyalist troops, September 1932.
• 
  Soldiers from São Paulo photographed by Claro Jansson in Itararé.
• 
  Armored tractor called "FS-6" during the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932.
• 
  Legalist train transporting rebel prisoners of war.
• 
  Loyalist Soldiers in 1932.

See also

• List of rebellions and revolutions in Brazil
• São Paulo Revolt of 1924

Bibliography

• Carvalho e Silva, Herculano (1932). A revolucão constitucionalista: subsidios para a sua história, organizados pelo Estado Maior da Força Publica de S. Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Civilização Brasileira Editora.
• García de Gabiola, Javier (2020). The Paulista War Volume 1. Warwick UK: Helion & Company. ISBN 9781912866380.
• García de Gabiola, Javier (2021). The Paulista War Volume 2. Warwick UK: Helion & Company. ISBN 9781913336370.
• García de Gabiola, Javier (2012). "1932: Sao Paulo en armas". Historia y Vida (in Spanish). No. 535. Barcelona: Prisma Editorial. pp. 60–67. ISSN 0018-2354.
• Hilton, Stanley E. (1982). A guerra civil brasileira: história da Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Nova Fronteira.