Cusper

"Cuspers" redirects here. For the life stage, see Twixter.

Not to be confused with Cusp (astrology).

A cusper is a person born near the end of one generation and the beginning of another. While the precise birth years defining when generations start and end vary,^[1][2] people born in these circumstances tend to have a mix of characteristics common to their adjacent generations and do not closely resemble those born in the middle of their adjacent generations.^[3][4][5][6] Generational profiles are built based on people born in the middle of a generation rather than those on the tails of a generation.^[7] Generations may overlap by five to eight years.^[7][8][9] As such, many people identify with aspects of at least two generations.^[7]

Notable cusper groups

Greatest Generation / Silent Generation

Birth year ranges

• Just before the 1920s, as identified by Codrington^[10]

Characteristics

These cuspers experienced the lows after World War I but also the highs of the early Roaring Twenties, the Flappers, the Charleston and early silent films. As these cuspers came of age, some of them become more visionary like the Greatest Generation or stoic like the Silents.^[10]

Silent Generation / Baby Boomers

Birth year ranges

• 1933–1945 as identified by Mitchell^[11]
• 1939–1945 as identified by Claire Raines Associates^[7]
• 1940–1945 as identified by Lancaster and Stillman, authors of When Generations Collide,^[12] as well as The Mayo Clinic^[1]
• 1942–1948 as identified by Trompenaars and Woolliams^[13]
• 1943–1948 as identified by Smit, writing for HR Future^[6]

Characteristics

Claire Raines Associates names these cuspers the Sandwich Group,^[7] Susan Mitchell calls these cuspers the Swing Generation,^[11][14] Smit calls them Troomers^[6] and Trompenaars and Woolliams call them Shhh-oomers.^[13] According to the Mayo Clinic, these cuspers have the work ethic of the Silent Generations, but like Baby Boomers will often challenge the status quo.^[1] Codrington describes them as having the status-seeking, career advancement motivations as Baby Boomers.^[10] Codrington adds that they are old enough to remember World War II, but were born too late to enjoy the 1960s.^[10] Hart notes that research has found the younger members of the Silent Generation tended to share more traits with Baby Boomers.^[15] Writer Marian Botsford Fraser described women in this cusper population as girls who "...did not smoke dope at high school, go to rock concerts, toy with acid and the pill and hippie boyfriends at university or tour Europe with a backpack." Instead, she notes "These girls wore crinolines and girdles, went to The Prom, went to nursing school and teachers' college, rarely university."^[16] Speaking of Susan Mitchell's population specifically they are believed to be an anomaly in that they tend be more activist and free thinkers than those born prior to them in the Silent Generation.^[5][11] Lancaster and Stillman echo this last point and note that these cuspers were on the frontlines of America's internal struggles as adults, agitating in favor of human rights. They go on to say many women among these cuspers entered in to male-dominated workplaces before the women's movement existed, blazing a trail for other generations of women to follow.^[12]

Baby Boomers / Generation X

Main article: Generation Jones

Birth year ranges

• 1954–1965 as identified by Pontell^[17]
• 1955–1960 as identified by Donahue^[18]
• 1958–1967 as identified by Wegierski of the Hudson Institute^[19]
• 1960–1965 as identified by Lancaster and Stillman,^[12] Mayo Clinic,^[1] and Stone (USA Today)^[20]
• 1961–1968 as identified by Trompenaars and Woolliams^[13]
• 1962–1967 as identified by Smit^[6]
• 1964–1969 as identified by Codrington^[3]

Characteristics

This population is sometimes referred to as Generation Jones,^[17][5] and less commonly as Tweeners,^[20] Baby X's by Smit^[6] and Boomerex by Trompenaars and Woolliams.^[13] These cuspers were not as financially successful as older Baby Boomers.^[1][12] They experienced a recession like many Generation Xers but had a much more difficult time finding jobs than Generation X did.^[1][12] While they learned to be IT-savvy, they did not have computers until after high school but were some of the first to purchase them for their homes.^[1][10] They were among some of the first to take an interest in video games.^[12] They get along well with Baby Boomers, but share different values. While they are comfortable in office environments, they are more relaxed at home. They are less interested in advancing their careers than Baby Boomers and more interested in quality of life.^[10]

Generation X / Millennials

Main article: Xennials

Birth year ranges

• 1975–1980 as identified by Donahue,^[18] as well as The Mayo Clinic^[1]
• 1976–1982 as identified by Ubl, Walden and Arbit^[21]
• 1977–1981 as identified by Shafrir (Slate)^[22]
• 1977–1983 as identified by Smit,^[6] Merriam-Webster^[23] and Trompenaars and Woolliams^[13]
• 1977–1985 as identified by Lebowitz, Akhtar, Stollen and Wolf (Business Insider)^[24][25]
• 1979–1982 as identified by Greener.^[26]

Characteristics

The Generation X/Millennial cuspers are most commonly referred to as Xennials, although other names include the Oregon Trail Generation, Generation Catalano and The Lucky Ones.^[9] Researchers point out that these cuspers have both the healthy skepticism of Generation X and the optimism of Millennials.^[12][10][1] They are likely to challenge authority, but also are more career-focused than Generation X.^[10] While not all of these cuspers are digital natives,^[27] they are very comfortable with technology.^[1]

Millennials / Generation Z

Main article: Zillennials

Birth year ranges

• 1992–1998 as identified by Ubl, Walden, and Arbit,^[21] WGSN^[28] and Mary Everett (PopSugar)^[29]
• 1992–2000 as identified by Ketchum^[30]
• 1993–1998 as identified by Smit,^[6] Dogson (Business Insider),^[31] Farren (Vice),^[32] Hilton (Reader's Digest),^[33] Mussen (The Standard),^[34] Metlife^[35] and Britannica^[36]
• 1993–1999 as identified by Fullscreen, LLC^[37] and Trompenaars and Woolliams^[13]
• 1995–2000 as identified by Donahue^[18]
• 1992–2002 as identified by Deborah Carr^[38]

Characteristics

Names given for these cuspers include the Snapchat Generation by Ubl, Walden, and Arbit,^[21] MinionZ by Smit,^[6] GenZennials by Ketchum,^[39] Zillennials,^[40] and Zennials.^[41] They are characterized as being "raised less by optimistic Boomers and more by skeptical Xers and pragmatic Gen Jonesers, who raised them to focus more on the practical rather than the aspirational."^[21]

Generation Z / Generation Alpha

Birth year ranges

• mid-2000s–early 2010s as identified by Chhatwal (Kadence International)^[42]

Characteristics

The Generation Z/Alpha cuspers are most commonly referred to as Zalphas.^[43] They are characterized as being "digital natives familiar with digital gadgets and technology from the cradle."^[44]

A 2023 Business Insider article cited a survey according to which Zalphas expressed a preference for fewer romantic or sexual plotlines in TV shows, instead favoring greater emphasis on friendship or platonic relationships.^[45] According to Stephanie Rivas-Lara and Hiral Kotecha, two of the survey's authors, this could stem from being isolated during the COVID-19 pandemic: "Young people are feeling a lack of close friendships, a separation from their community, and a sense that their digital citizen identity has superseded their sense of belonging in the real world".^[45]

Workplace importance

Communication misunderstandings between employees of different generations are detrimental to workplace morale, increasing turnover and absenteeism while decreasing job satisfaction, work commitment and productivity.^[46][47] Effective communication between employees of different generations, however, allows for collaborative relationships and ensures that information is retained from one generation to the next.^[46] Cuspers play an important role in multi-generational workplaces and other organizations.^[12][10] Metaphorically, cuspers are like bridges or glue that connect members of their adjacent major generations.^[6][27] Between generations, they are naturally skilled at mediating, translating, mentoring and managing.^[48][12][10] Strategically placing cuspers in the workplace has the potential to reduce generational workplace friction and give organizations doing so a competitive advantage.^[9][49][50]

Generational identity

Many cuspers do not feel a sense of belonging to a specific generation.^[10][12] Researchers studying generational subculture theory have speculated that there may be populations within larger generational cohorts whose values are more in line with those of preceding generations, for example, someone born in the range of Generation X who has a moral philosophy more similar to the Silent Generation.^[9][51] Generations are heterogenous, and differences within a generation can be as great as differences between generations.^[52]

Jason Dorsey, a generations researcher, wrote: "about a third of Americans identify more with the generation just before or after their own. And many people fall into what we call cuspers—those born on the edges of two generations who carry traits from both. These unique “micro-generations” make sense when you think about how quickly the world changes, especially during our formative years."^[53]

According to authors Hannah Ubl, Lisa Walden and Debra Arbit, cuspers "play a pivotal role in ensuring seamless communication across generations" and "are natural translators because they often speak the language of two generations."^[54]

The generational fuzziness theory proposes that one's generation is best defined as the combination of one's birth year and generational identity—the cultural generation to feel most similar to.^[55][56] Not all cuspers identify with both sides of the generational dividing line. Many adopt the values of one side and conduct themselves accordingly.^[57]