Dagan languages

The Dagan or Meneao Range languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the Meneao Range of the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea, the easternmost Papuan languages on the mainland. They are the most divergent of the several small families within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.

Dagan
Meneao Range
Geographic distribution	Meneao Range, southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea: Central Province and Milne Bay Province
Linguistic classification	Trans–New Guinea Papuan Peninsula Dagan
Language codes
Glottolog	daga1274

Languages

The languages are:^[1]

• Onjob
• Southwest
  • Daga
  • Maiwa language, Mapena
• East
  • Southeast: Ginuman, Kanasi (Sona)
  • Northeast: Dima (Jimajima), Umanakaina (Gwedena), and the nearly extinct Turaka

Although clearly related, they are not particularly close. Umanakaina and Ginuman, for example, are only 23% lexically similar.

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:^[2]

	sg	pl
1	*n[e/a]	*nu
2	*g[e/a]	*j[e/a]
3	*me	*mV

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from SIL field notes (1965, 1967, 1973), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.^[3]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. giana, ginewa, ginawa for “nose”) or not (e.g. iyawa, neigin, ɛbu for “road”).

gloss	Dima	Daga	Maiwa
head	una	iwa	kwi'.unwa; kuiyunwa
hair	deba	igumewa	gu'mawa; huiawa
ear	taii(na)	darinewa	nau'nawa; naunáwa
eye	yamana	yamewa	yaŋganwa; yaŋ'ganwa
nose	giana	ginewa	ginawa; gi'nunwa
tooth	wari(na)	nodonewa	do'nawa; donáwa
tongue	pepa(na)	mɛriwa	phed'nawa; pedt nawa
leg	wana		ai'raniwa; beawa
louse	igu	kuisin	kwhi'sin; nagam; usiwa
dog	kwegawa	eao	kwhe'.au; kueyao
pig	boro	tuan	'bui
bird	midiwari	nɛnip	nenip; ve'khæthu
egg	dodopi	bagua	ba'giwa; gat toda; kokorek bagiwa
blood	tawayana	dɛnip	di
bone	(e)regura	kaemewa	mařɛt'nawa
skin	etona	ɛpiwa	koápiwa; pha'phunwa
breast	ama	amewa	am
tree	na	oma	i; ioma
man	apana	apan	apan; a'phan
woman	wawina	oaen	ve'sin; wɛsin
sun	gabudara	oam	kum; khum
moon	dede	siragam	dut; duth
water	oa	kaum	ioi; yoi
fire	iarema	oma	íam; yaŋ'gawa
stone	akima	agim	agim; 'agim
road, path	iyawa	neigin	ɛbu; 'ɛbu
name	ewani	yaoa	i'vi wa
eat		naiwan	mɛ 'nane; naiwi
one	daiida	daiton	desi'řoe; désirom
two	uri	dɛrɛ	dúam; duːʌm

Evolution

Dagan reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:^[4]

Daga language:

• ama 'breast' < *amu
• meri (nawa) 'tongue' < *me(l,n)e
• ira 'tree' < *inda

Kanasi language:

• asi 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
• etepa 'bark' < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu 'skin'
• obosa 'wind' < *kumbutu
• oman 'stone' < *ka(m,mb)u[CV]
• nene 'bird' < *n(e)i