Dark green fritillary

The dark green fritillary (Speyeria aglaja) is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The insect has a wide range in the Palearctic realm - Europe, Morocco, Iran, Siberia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.

Dark green fritillary
Male, Val d'Aosta, Italy
Female, Elsenborn, Belgium
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1][2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Speyeria
Species:	S. aglaja
Binomial name
Speyeria aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms[3]
List Papilio aglaia (Linnaeus, 1758) Papilio aglaja Linnaeus, 1758 Argynnis mitchelli Kershaw, 1952 Argynnis robnora Kershaw, 1952 Argynnis smrzi Slabý, 1949 Argynnis ovalis Cabeau, 1930 Argynnis molybdina Newnham, 1917 Argynnis viridiatra Strand, 1912 Argynnis gutta Wileman, 1911 Mesoachidalia plutus Oberthür, 1909 Argynnis fusca Tutt, 1896 Argynnis fuscans Tutt, 1896 Argynnis pallida Tutt, 1896 Argynnis wimani Holmgren, 1888 Argynnis aberrans Lampa, 1885 Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) Argynnis aurea Tutt, 1896 Argynnis eridioides Pflümer, 1879 Argynnis charlotta Haworth, 1803 Argynnis emilia Acerbi, 1802 Mesoacidalia sinenigra Aagesen Speyeria albomaculata Rebel Speyeria emilocuples Warren, 1955 Speyeria hindenburgi Schuster von Forstner, 1928 Speyeria arvernensis Bramson, 1890

Taxonomy

The dark green fritillary was first formally described as Papilio aglaja in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758 with its type locality given as Sweden. This species is now classified in the genus Speyeria which is classified within the subfamily Heliconiinae of the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae.^[4]

Subspecies

• S. a. aglaja Southern Europe, Central Europe, Caucasus, Altai, Sayan, West Siberia, South Siberia
• S. a. borealis (Strand, 1901) Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East, Kamchatka
• S. a. lyauteyi (Oberthür, 1920) Morocco (Middle Atlas)
• S. a. excelsior (Rothschild, 1933) Morocco (Rif Mountains)
• S. a. ottomana (Röber, 1896) Armenia, Talys, Kopet Dagh
• S. a. gigasvitatha (Verity, 1935) Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz, Alai, South Altai
• S. a. vitatha (Moore, 1874) Pamirs
• S. a. clavimacula (Matsumura, 1929) South Ussuri
• S. a. kenteana (Stichel, 1901) Transbaikalia, North Ussuri, Amur
• S. a. tonnai (Matsumura, 1928) Sakhalin
• S. a. bessa (Fruhstorfer, 1907) ?

• 
• 
  Underside
• 
• 
  Female underside
• 
  Male and female
• 
  Kyrgyzstan postage stamp
• 
  Figs.2,2a,2b, 2c, 2d, 2e larva after last moult 2f pupa

Description in Seitz

The large fritillary is fiery reddish yellow above, the basal area of the male being always duller. The markings are constant: a black margin, a row of deep black but thin marginal arcs, a very straight, central row of dots, of which only the last one of the forewing is shifted distad; between this row of dots and the base there are six thin black transverse bands extending from the subcostal vein into the wing. The underside of the hindwing is characteristic; it bears numerous silver-spots on a partly verdigris partly leather-yellow ground, but never a row of ocelli in the marginal area, as is the case in the forms of the Niobe fritillary (Fabriciana niobe) and high brown fritillary (F. adippe).^[5]

Biology

Dark green fritillaries lay ther eggs in the high summer in Great Britain, either on or in the vicinity of species of Viola. When the caterpillar hatches it eats its eggshell and immediately begins to hibernate. In the following Spring the caterpillars emerge from hibernation and feed on violets, typically common dog-violet (Viola riviniana) but also the marsh dog violet (V. palustris) and the heath dog violet (V. canina), and complete their life cycle, pupating in May, with the butterflies emerging a few weeks later. The will nectar on common knapweed (Centaurea nigra), marsh thistle (Cirsium palustre), devil's-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis) and field scabious (Knautia arvensis).^[6]