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Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties

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The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties was a political group dedicated to strict segregation in Virginia schools. In June 1955 it published its Plan for Virginia.[1] The words of Richard Crawford, president of the Defenders, are recognizable today as dog-whistle politics.[2]

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The Defenders advocated an amendment to the state constitution to allow the creation of state tuition vouchers and to withdraw state funding for integrated schools. A ballot measure on January 9, 1956, passed by a vote of 304,154 to 146,164.[3][4]

The organization was disbanded July 17, 1967.[3]

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