Nasal dental click

The dental nasal click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa.^[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for a nasal dental click with a velar rear articulation is ⟨ŋ͡ǀ⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜ǀ⟩, commonly abbreviated to ⟨ŋǀ⟩, ⟨ᵑǀ⟩ or ⟨ǀ̃⟩; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is ⟨ŋ͡ʇ⟩ or ⟨ŋ͜ʇ⟩, abbreviated ⟨ŋʇ⟩, ⟨ᵑʇ⟩ or ⟨ʇ̃⟩. For a click with a uvular rear articulation, the equivalents are ⟨ɴ͡ǀ, ɴ͜ǀ, ɴǀ, ᶰǀ⟩ and ⟨ɴ͡ʇ, ɴ͜ʇ, ɴʇ, ᶰʇ⟩. Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. ⟨ǀŋ⟩ or ⟨ǀᵑ⟩; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.^[2]

Nasal dental velar click
ŋ͡ǀ   ŋ͡ʇ
ᵑǀ   ᵑʇ
ǀ̃   ʇ̃

Nasal dental uvular click
ɴ͡ǀ   ɴ͡ʇ
ᶰǀ   ᶰʇ

Main articles: Dental click and nasal click

Features

Features of the dental nasal click:

• The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream.
• Its place of articulation is dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is a nasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

Occurrence

Dental nasal clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages, such as Yeyi and Fwe.^[3][4]

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning
Hadza	minca	[miᵑǀa] = [miᵑʇa]	'to smack one's lips'
Khoekhoe	ǀnam	[ᵑǀȁm̀] = [ᵑʇȁm̀]	'to love'
Zulu	incwancwa	[iᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa] = [iᵑʇwáːᵑʇwa]	'sour corn meal'

Glottalized dental nasal click

Glottalized dental nasal velar click
ǀ̃͡ʔ
ᵑǀ͡ʔ ᵑ̊ǀˀ
ʇ̃ˀ
ᵑʇˀ ᵑ̊ʇˀ

Main article: Glottalized click

All Khoisan languages, and a few Bantu languages, have glottalized nasal clicks. These are formed by closing the glottis so that the click is pronounced in silence; however, any preceding vowel will be nasalized.

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning
Hadza	tacce	[taᵑǀˀe] = [taᵑʇˀe]	'rope'
Khoekhoe	ǀoroǀoro	[ᵑǀˀòɾőᵑǀˀòɾȍ] = [ᵑʇˀòɾőᵑʇˀòɾȍ]	'to wear s.t. out'
Naro	Xgaoc’õ	[ᵏǁχao̯ᵑǀˀõ] = [ᵏʖχao̯ᵑʇˀõ]	(personal name)
Xhosa	umchankcatho	[umᵏǀʰaᵑǀˀatʰo] = [umᵏʇʰaᵑʇˀatʰo]	'a bridge'