Dicerorhinus

Dicerorhinus (Greek: "two" (dio), "horn" (keratos), "nose" (rhinos)^[1])^{[citation needed]} is a genus of the family Rhinocerotidae, consisting of a single extant species, the two-horned Sumatran rhinoceros (D. sumatrensis), and several extinct species. The genus likely originated from the Late Miocene of central Myanmar.^[2] Many species previously placed in this genus probably belong elsewhere.^[3]

Dicerorhinus Temporal range: Late Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Rapunzel, a Sumatran Rhino in the Bronx Zoo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Rhinocerotidae
Tribe:	Dicerorhinini
Genus:	Dicerorhinus Gloger, 1841
Species
†Dicerorhinus fusuiensis †Dicerorhinus gwebinensis Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

Taxonomy

Species provisionally considered valid include:

• †Dicerorhinus fusuiensis^[4][5] originally described as Rhinoceros fusuiensis^[6] Early Pleistocene, South China.
• †Dicerorhinus gwebinensis Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein et al., 2008 Known from a skull of Pliocene-Early Pleistocene age found in Myanmar.^[7] Some authors have considered the skull not distinguishable from that of D. sumatrensis.^[8]

Historically, Dicerorhinus was a wastebasket taxon. Revisions by several authors over the years have removed many species:

Transferred to Stephanorhinus^[3]

• Dicerorhinus merckii (synonym of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)
• Dicerorhinus hemitoechus
• Dicerorhinus etruscus
• Dicerorhinus yunchuchenensis
• Dicerorhinus jeanvireti
• Dicerorhinus choukoutienensis (synonym of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)
• Dicerorhinus orientalis (synonym of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)
• Dicerorhinus nipponicus^[9] (synonym of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)

Transferred to Dihoplus^[3]

• Dicerorhinus megarhinus
• Dicerorhinus schleiermacheri
• Dicerorhinus ringstroemi

Transferred to Caementodon

• Dicerorhinus caucasicus^[10]

Transferred to Lartetotherium

• Dicerorhinus sansaniensis
• Dicerorhinus cixianensis Chen and Wu, 1976^[11]

Transferred to Rusingaceros

• Dicerorhinus leakeyi

Placement of the Sumatran rhinoceros among recent and subfossil rhinoceros species based on nuclear genomes (Liu, 2021)^[12]

	Elasmotheriinae †Elasmotherium sibiricum Rhinocerotinae Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) † Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) † Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)

Bayesian morphological phylogeny (Pandolfi, 2023) Note: This excludes living African rhinoceros species.^[13]

Rhinocerotina Gaindatherium browni Lartetotherium sansaniense Nesorhinus Nesorhinus hayasakai Nesorhinus philippinensis Rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus (Javan rhinoceros) Rhinoceros unicornis (Indian rhinoceros) Dicerorhinus Dicerorhinus gwebinensis Dicerorhinus fusuiensis Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Sumatran rhinoceros) Dihoplus schleiermacheri "Dihoplus" pikermiensis Coelodonta Coelodonta thibetana Coelodonta nihowanensis Coelodonta tologoijensis Coelodonta antiquitatis (woolly rhinoceros) Pliorhinus Pliorhinus megarhinus Pliorhinus miguelcrusafonti Stephanorhinus Stephanorhinus jeanvireti Stephanorhinus etruscus Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis Stephanorhinus hemitoechus (Narrow-nosed or steppe rhinoceros) Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Merck's or forest rhinoceros)