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Soomra dynasty
Muslim dynasty in Sindh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Soomra dynasty (Sindhi: سومرا گهراڻو, romanized: Sūmrā Gharāṇō)[4] was a late medieval dynasty of Sindh ruled by the Soomro tribe of Sindh, and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now Pakistan.[5]
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Sources
The only extant source is the Diwan-i Farruhi, a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing Mahmud of Ghazni's invasion (1025 AD) of Mansura, the erstwhile capital of Sindh.[6] Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah and Al-Mustansir Billah, the Fatimid Caliphs from 1021 until 1094, thereafter, they lack the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.[7]
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History
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Establishment
The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.[6][a] Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[6] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.[6][8]
According to André Wink, the Soomras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs.[9][10] They have been retrospectively claimed to be Parmar Rajputs.[11] In Ain-i-Akbari (16th century) the Soomra dynasty is mentioned as of a Rajput lineage.[12] Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism — Arab travelers held them to be Qarmatians, and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, Al-Mustansir Billah has been located.[8]
Territory
The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.[6] The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.[6] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue as a vassal.[13]
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List of Soomro rulers
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Kingdom of Umarkot
See also
Notes
- C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.
References
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